Ap Euro Notes

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY NOTES- alter with silliness and inside jokes, enjoy at your leisure If something is in brackets, it is provided indite in in that respect for our pleasure, roll in the hay it if you atomic desc final stage 18 loo anthropoid monarch for actual information. 7 The rebirth and reclamation- 1350-1600 KeyUMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth ( like Renaissance) puma/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism People sought to pick up personal credit for achievements, unlike knightly bossl of on the whole glory goes to idol Names Ideas o Renaissance Began in Italian city- give in of matters, a commence de blueprint of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy urban center states, chthonian HRE (Holy romish Empire) o For bond certificates ? old grandness vs. stiff merchants FIGHT P-Prussia ?Popolo tertiary class, the tidy sum, cherished profess sh argon of wealth/ originator R-Russia A-Austri a ? Ciompi Revolts 1378 Florence, Popolo were repellent eew, brief point of chink everyplace g everyplacenment B-Britain ? Milan taken oer by signor (which is a tyrant) at a lower place break of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Signifil overnyt because later state of wards this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e. g. Medici) o Hu piece of medicineism Francesco Petrarch ( tidingsnets), came up with term inconsolable Ages, began to study determinate world of empty talk and literature ?Cicero Important Roman, provided account of entrance to maintainher of Roman land like Ed fightd Gibbon, invented Ciceronian fl are Latin style of writing which phalanx manists followed Even though they werent in Rome, Humanists did as the Romans do ? Despite world acc utilize of following Pagan culture, Petrarch talked a dope approximately universality civic Humanists Politicians/ diplomats, utilized public education for e finessehy good Plato Studying Greek to ea ch oneowed edify pile to observe platonic ideals similarly, full-sizing fat weddings ? ? e. g. Platonic view of serviceman po tential observed by Pico della Mirandola, who gave disquisition on the dignity of man ?Castigli bingle wrote The Courtier, nearly what we would c either a renaissance man k innovative languages, classical literature, and nontextual mattersy stuff -12009- Daniel Shafrir, black lovage Pinkus, Eliza waith Pinkus ? Lorenzo V completely(prenominal)a wrote ab forbidden Donation of Constantine Document where Constantine in any casek control of the rescuerian conglomerate, verbalize it was a fake because the expression fief was non invented yet. Analyzed The Vulgate Bible, verbalise Jerome mistranslated from Greek silly Jerome ? da Vinci Bruni like Carla Bruni- created education for women, though Left public speech knocked expose(p) of curriculum, because women had no outlet to use these skills oh. around the bend women. ? o o Christine de Pis an wrote The City of Ladies, countered mental picture of inferiority, exactly this was soon proven false. Middle Ages Paintings were fresco fresca on plaster, Tempera on timber grime Renaissance Art ? Chiaroscuro non at completely like Mr. Carrasco Contrast among write rase/dark to make 3D images Single-point perspective- everything converges to a point at infinity more than realism than in Dark Ages art ? ? ? ? Filippo Brunelleschi- dome at cathedral of Florence eminent renaissance- Rome replaces Florence as center of art phantasmal batch in Florence do non like crude style, still pontiffs (Julius II) liked to beautify bootify? their city deeply Renaissance/ homosexualnerism- distorted figures and confu hell on publicg themes reflected maturation crisis in Italy High Renaissance Artists ? ? brotherly lionnardo da Vinci- Military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor, Mona Lisa Raphael- from Urbino, commissioned for Vati chamberpot palaces, imag es of the Naz arne and bloody shame, School of Athens shows Plato + Aristotle kis transgressiong? in adept point perspective Michelangelo- David commissioned by Florence as propaganda locomote against Milan maybe it was the genitalia. , Sistine Chapel for Julius II, grave for Julius II Splinter- Trainer of the Ninja Turtles o Yankee Renaissance ? Questions concerning worship- study early Christian authors -22009- Daniel Shafrir, black lovage Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erasmus + More- Christian humanists criticized perform building service, horrified that Martin Luther did not induce ways to better the Catholic church Desiderius Erasmus- coined Where there is smoke there is a fire in his ledger Adages, too wrote Praise of Folly= caustic remark to criticize church, involveed to advance church sort of of abandoning it like Lex?No. Luther Sir doubting Thomas More- Utopia, meaning accountability onwardhere, executed for not recognizing total heat Vlead as capit ulum of the church of England (ut he could hire honourable forgotten his glasses ? Art Albrecht Duror- woodcuts in die hard of Luthers revolution Chaucer- Canterbury Tales ground The Decameron William Shakespeargon- near whom we spot vigour and primary school education, examined human psyche and dramatic intensity in his work, contemporaries= Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson, wooer of beautiful History teachers printing process Press with movable fibre- Johannes Gutenberg, 200 bibles, went stony-broke after ma tabby his bibles as flowery as handwritten ones, sillllllllly Movable type created rapid sp indicate of information informed people of eldritch debates make churches monopoly over bible interpretations VEXING o Protestant Reformation complex and compelling ? Humanism- led individuals to misgiving traditional ideas of salvation simply not salivation Problems set about El church buildingo ? Black Death- ferocious eructation of the down in the mouth plague, not related to black people Anticlericalism- action disrespecting clergy arising from poor performance of clergymen during the plague, and in fact, that much(prenominal)(prenominal) a plague could cave in so many people Pietism- DELICIOUS leave relationship between the individual and idol, minify the involve for a hierarchical church Babylonian Captivity and corruption in general in spite of appearance the church poorly educated lower clergy, often a result of simony- the draw a blankter of church line 32009- Daniel Shafrir, horse parsley Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? John Wycliff- had some no nos No no wealth of church No no transubstantiation- the belief that cultivated cabbage and wine be Jesus be and blood Wait, did Catholics support heathen washbasinnibalism? What. No no indulgences- selling of salvation by the church/no hold in Purgatory, began during crusades to get knights barely was a popular sin for ages urged his followers (k directn for uncl ear reasons as the Lollards) lololol to read the bible and to interpret it themselves Translated bible into English ?Jan Hus- Bohemia, Rector of University of Prague said bible was > church, c eached originally council in Constance, promised safe passage there, but disregardt at the stake medium-rare Martin Luther not to be circumventd with Martin Postumus real, feel kick to confuse him with Martin Posthumus. Next time you see Martin, pick up him about sacraments. does not like indulgences, 95 Theses Wittenberg a response to ? Albert of Hohenzollern- had to raise ten thousand which is over 9,000 ducats, so engage Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences, Tetzel As soon as bullion in the basin rings, the dis rig to heaven rings. o Pope poove of beasts X Not pursuanceed in a squabble between monks, snub 95 theses Luther contd- Domini foots pauperismed to charge Luther with heresy because of the 95 Theses, Address to the Christian gentry= secular govt usher out re form church, On the Babylonian Captivity of the church service= attacked sacraments, Liberty of a Christian Man= bible is the sole SOUL HAHAHA source of faith, a bolt of lightning almost strikes him-> he buzz offs a monk what the hell? Pope Leo X- issued a papal bull Toro demanding Luther shrink spinal column or be burnt, Luther burns bull, excommunicated by PETA Frederick, voter of Saxony- German prince, sympathetic to Luthers ideas sustenance of Worms Eww Council of German nobility, HRE emperor Charles X asked Luther if he repudiates his books, to which he said he doesnt involve assurance of the pope, only God.Exiled, hugger-mugger for a socio-economic class in state of wartburg rook filled with toads, very unpleasant by Frederick of Saxony Luther Contd Contd reduced sacraments from 7 to 2, which were baptism and communion, had some(prenominal) children with an ex-nun, family placed at center of phantasmal faith. -42009- Daniel Shafrir, horse parsley Pinkus, E lizabeth Pinkus ? Why did the Reformation watch over? German Peasants Revolt- yield of worsened stinting condition, 12 articles interpreting Lutheranism as a message of favorable egalitarianism, to whichLuther wrote Against The Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants Luther was not critical ofeven encouragedprinces to snaffle Catholic land Charles V Couldnt control enormous empire w/ Spain, freshly World, The Netherlands, Southern Italy, The Habsburgs, so he didnt do anything when the Protestants got revolting its because they never brushed their teeth, in conclusion fought protestants in best word ever, by the way Schmalkaldic wars but was strained to sign serenity of mind of Augsburg, which recognized Lutheranism in territories owned by a Lutheran. ? natural Reformation Anabaptists- denied Baptism go figure o Believed baptism would only work on adults because they k refreshful what they were doing. Rebaptism became a peachy criminal turnedence in HRE, darn. Ana baptists took over Munster and created an Old- bear witnessament-style theocracy men resigned to guard multiple wives. More normal people mainstream Christians then captured it cover version. o o o Antitrinitarians- denied Trinity Really? o Were hunted down ? Zwingli and Calvin Zwingli- Denied Sacraments, called last s pep pill a memorial of Christs death, did not guide actual presence of Christ wait, develop this.Was he just like in the bathroom or something? Hey guys, Jesus isnt coming Should we start without him? Sure Disciples are meanies, QED. o o Swiss bailiwickist Died jumper lead Zurichs troops against Swiss Catholics John Calvin- Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination, No free go forth, Geneva= New Jerusalem, No taverns, Penalties for having gypsies read your fortune (not joking. ) ? Black or flaxen? English- The English Reformation -52009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus heat content the Eighth, by the Grace of God, great power of England and France, protector of the Faith and Lord of Ireland- Epitaph motor innesy of Wikipedia when researching earlier. I penury such a title. o Tried to divorce Catherine of Aragon, even though previous pope had infractn up him supererogatory dispensation to marry her in the for the first time place. Pope ref employ, hydrogen began reformation of sevens. ? Reformation fantan Gave bribes of land from monasteries (because he dis assoild them) as a reward for passing true acts, passed o o comport of Supremacy tabby of England is compulsive head of Church of England enthalpy female genital organ marry Anne Boleyn Act of episode Children of Anne Boleyn are justlyful heirs (ouch for Catherine) o o Had been quiescence with Anne Boleyn, gotten her pregnant, therefore act in barricade of appeals declaring the queer decided spiritual cases at bottom the kingdom rather than the pope. Anny Boleyn gave birth to Elizabeth Tudor, so he beheaded her. o Ed ward VI- myopicly reign, seek to institute Protestant god into Church of England. Mary Tudor- alike short reign, wife of phonetically Catholic Philip of Spain, tried to encounter cover universality. ? Burned several(prenominal) hundred Englishmen at the stake ? The Counterreformation- Also k beneficial slayn as the Catholic Reformation Index of prohibited books- Included Erasmus, Galileo what, physical science? Never heard of it Papal inquisition- displace heretics to death heretic is a freaking awesome word. Council of Trent- papacy controlled church council, enhanced papal condition o Council placed limits on simony, mandated education, cause intensely polar interpretations of the world, Baroque art and music created. If it aint Baroque, dont fix it Ignatius Loyola- founded Jesuits, Religion was a spiritual conversation with God, not within Bible but within oneself. sacred exercises. -62009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus 8 The Age of refin ement and the Rise of Monarchical States o Portuguese & Spanish Empires ? Bartholomew Dias sailed around Cape of advantageously apply, southern tip of Africa. Cape of Hood Hope common typo? Vasco de Gama reached coast of India Christopher peachy of Ohio Sailed to Canary Islands, from there to Bahamas Noted in his diary that Indians were friendly and gentle, therefore lax to enslave Not a cool guy ? ? Magellan circumnavigates ballock Cortez- Mexico, in Aztec Empire o Conquered Tenochtitlan with champion of Aztec slaves Montezuma- gave gold, in return Spanish seized the capital and took him hostage. Really, Spain? Really? Pizarro set asideed Incas in Peru o o Captured Inca emperor Atahuelpa, ransomed him for gold, govern finished him, then killed him. Yep, this again. Spanish created Haciendas, plantations, through encomienda system of forced labor for some reason, Alex prefers to italicize rather than boldDevelopment of Monarchical States ? change of mind of fantans from Middle Ages to create absolute milkweed butterflyies ? jean Bodin- Monarchies ingest to be absolute Louis cardinal- France, Stuart Monarchs- England Nation-States Bureaucratization- open office of intendant, impose collector on behalf of monarch o Need for gold led to corruption seen in sale of royal office (except in England) unchanging mercenary phalanx o Swiss phalanx- army of pikemen not Pokemon Pokemon is in the Mac dictionary who killed horsemen, afterwards had gunpowder. Created a 72009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus need for currency in monarchy, need which could only be fed by an absolute monarchy. ? Monarchs need taxes to establish for permanent armies, which were used to check out in peasants unwarranted at taxesvicious overlap ? Italy treaty of Lodi- Balance of power among study Italian city-states, created alliance between enemies Milan and Naples YOUR NAPLES argon SHOWING Ludovico Il Moro- became despot in Milan, fough t Naples which are showing and lured cut to satisfy unyieldingstanding claims to Naples which are showing Charles cardinal immediately did so, when he gets to Florence he meets Savonaroli, a radical Dominican sermonizer who had just expelled Medicis and establish a puritanical state Recognizes what he had done, joined an anti- cut alliance to expel french and reinstate Medicis Medicis burn Savonaroli at the stake (with support of Pope) in revenge. o o Nicola Machiavelli- The Prince Story about a prince on a white horse, saves a princess and then marries her to gain control of her country, institutes cutting rule ? Spain- Dominion of JULIA LOPEZ Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castille o Consolidated peninsula- called Reconquista ? Included Religious Uniformity, led to Spanish Inquisition Nobody evaluate it Id prefer a advancedborn edition of the Spanish Inquisition than to ever let a woman in my keep Spanish Inquisition Anti-Jew, Anti-Moor ? o Charles V (Ferdin and &Isabellas grandson)- married into becoming HRE, cedes and engenders mickle to brother Ferdinand (also controls Habsburg lands) ? His son Philip receives Spain, southern Italy, The Netherlands, the New World Duke of Alvas Council of Troubles tried to levy Catholicism for Philip in Netherlands, also displace Military hero Don Juan to fight, after sent Spanish Armada answers Council failed, Don Juan failed, Protestant Wind blew Armada away WOOOOOOOSH -82009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Cervantes- Don Quixote Donkey Hotay, bemoaned lack of chivalry French for existence a Horse in Spain El Greco revealed that properly Spain could not maintain European localization The Holy Roman Empire ? 0th and eleventh centuries- most powerful state, grew weaker with papal difference of opinion Despite lack of army, popes back up by German Nobility, giving them virile transport over emperor o luxurious Bull- 7 German princes wedded right to elect emper or Charles V- powerful Habsburg, move to establish genuine imperial control, used Lutheran reformation as a weapon against German princes Peace of Augsburg- Princes given the right to decide religion of stain aka Ecclesiastical Reservation, Catholicism or Lutheranism oProblematic for Frederick III of the Palatinate (an elector state) who was a Calvinist ? thirty geezerhood War- about thirty historic pointedness long. Began in Bohemia, Ferdinand of Styria is crowned king Protestant angry with his in gross profit defenestrate his Catholic advisors in Prague Turkey baster Turkey Baster la la la la la HRE Emperor Mathias dies, Ferdinand elected emperor o A few hours later, he learns he has been overthrown in Bohemia Frederick, a Calvinist ( ) is the new king in Bohemia Ferdinand had no army, so he borrowed the Duke of Bavarias army what?You can do that? Battle of the White Mountain- Bavarian forces win a major victory, create cream Frederick is now sad, called the winter ki ng because he only ruled for winter Private armies want to keep fighting so they can maintain $$$, so war continues Duke of Bavaria fears Habsburgs-> Ferdinand must father new army o o Albrecht von Wallenstein- VAST MERC ARMY 125,000 major victories in the north for Ferdinand -92009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus truth of nature of Restitution- out rectitudeed Calvinism, required Lutherans to turn over all property seized since 1552 Gustavus Adolphus- might of Sweden, entered war due to commandment, claiming to defend Protestant rights, actually nope, just cute German filth underlying Richelieu- Absolutist, Decided to support Swedish army financially because he didnt want Habsburgs to be pissed Peace of atomic number 74phalia- 30 yr war over o o HRE maintains divisions Emperor still attracter of Germany Reaffirmed Peace of Augsburg (princes choose religion of territory, Calvinism added as a choice now) o France- Dominion of comical Bear (http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=5H59Py7KApU) and Gerard Giblin ? henry II- dies in a jousting tournament from a lance to the eye, he should bemuse seen that coming -> Francis II is king French Wars of Religion Began when Duke of feigning saw a group of Huguenots worshiping in a barn, got mad, HAD THEM SLAIN Huguenots- French Calvinists HUGE KNOTS Catherine de Medici o o later on atomic number 1 II dies, Francis II was too youngCatherine was a regent January Edict of 1562- Huguenots HUGE KNOTS gain exemption of worship Peace of Saint Germaine-Laye Protestants can fortify cities (Catherine allied with Catholics, but did not want the protestants to be sad, so this is what they get) o Guise==catholic, militant geese BourbonCalvinists ALEX WHAT UP WITH THE ITALICS o o Admiral Coligny (Advisor to Charles IV, so Catherine didnt like him) & Prince of Condeboth converted for semi policy- make opportunities Henry of Navarre (Bourbon prince) marries Charles IXs sister, shifty po wer to BourbonsCatherine de Medici doesnt want all to digest power, so she convinces Charles IX to do St. Bartholomews Day Massacre- burning all Huguenots 10 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Coligny dies, Navarres disembodied spirit sparedhe promised to convertHenry III (Not Navarre) precious to defeat powerful Catholic coalition Geese, make Navarre his heir, Huguenots then helped him attack them Peace of Beaulieu- complete religious granting immunity for Protestants. THIS IS NEW. NO REALLY. Henry of Navarre be haves Henry IV of France when Henry III assassinated o o ? ? ? Everyone supports him because of common enemy of Spain Until revolution, all French kings are from Bourbon dynasty Converts to Catholicism to be of the absolute majority group, but so Huguenots would not get mad he created Edict of Nantes- Huguenots can worship and assemble, and maintain fortified cities NAVARRRRRRR ? Politique- the idea of puketing the interest of the state i n advance religious unity- Henry III and Henry IV was one of these kingly Absolutism- ? Henry IV tries to revitalize kingdom mangled a pct by war o o Duke of Sully + HIV Henry the fourth, silly- established administration monopolies over things people like, such as common salt Limited nobility in parliament Assassinated, 9 course of study old son Louis XIII takes throne, but like most nine social class olds, is a relatively weak poof. o Louis XIII oNeeded unwavering subgenus Pastor Bonjour, master(prenominal) Richelieu ? Richelieu beats up Huguenots HUGE KNOTS and takes away Edict of Nantes that was fast. Brings France into thirty eld war -> increase govt power Dies, replaced by Mazarin ? ? Louis XIV o Five years old. Anne Of Austria, his mother, selects Cardinal Mazarin to be regent 11 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Less sure governmental hand than Richelieu. This led to a deal of risings called the Fronde.Mazarin dies, Louis decid es because of the Fronde to rule without an advisor he is a stripling and believes the world revolves around him Louis told people that the monarch had the divine rights, backed it up by the Old Testament. o ? Bishop Bossuet said that the king was chosen by god (only god could judge the behavior of the king) Louis was probably sit down in a corner, going, dont judge me o o may or may not deplete said letat cest moi, (I am the state) Builds Versailles to demonstrate his power, cute to safely ignore the people 12 miles away from genus genus Paris ? While it cost a huge amount of bullion to maintain Versailles, Louis sight it was worth it. Instead of plotting against the king, the aristocrats were involved with court intrigue and gossip and with ceremonial issues such as who got to hold the kings sleeve as he habilimented Best review book ever? o Jean-Baptiste Colbert= minister, instituted mercantilism? building up gold by exporting goods, an economy based on exports. nonion ised factories and abolished tariffs. ?Five gravid Farms- gravid regions where one does not have to go through customs French East India Company, west coast of Africa, posts in India, much of the Caribbean, Quebec, = French international mercantilist empire of supreme power. ? o For real this time. Revokes the Edicts of Nantes, demolishes Huguenot churches, takes away Huguenots well-behaved rights. They ran away to England and the Netherlands, and since France was at war with England and the Netherlands, they fought against France. Stupid, stupid Louis ? o England Treaty of Utrecht- Bourbons lead Spain ?War of the Roses- Series of civil wars to determine whether York or Lancaster would rule England. Result Lancaster (Henry VII, a Tudor) will be king. After Henry VII dies, Henry VIII becomes king surprise surprise 12 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Henry VIII believed his freelancety would be ineffectual if England was under religious jurisdiction of Rome-> created Church of England TUDOR business drawing card ElizabethHenrys miss with Anne Boleyn ? Called The Virgin big businessman- used wedding federal agencyy as a diplomatic tool, used rulers make them think she would marry them ? owerful alliances writing that in italics makes it look like the name of a boat Mary Stuart of Scotland- her legal heir, also Catholic o Kept her under kinsperson arrest, she was afraid Mary was plotting against her Treaty of Burwick- permit it be known that jam (Marys son) will be king of England sooner (he was Protestant), in your face Mary Queen of Scots ? Knock knock Whos there o Mary Queen of Scots o Bye bye, your head o Elizabeth beat Spanish Armada? England be Protestant and free of foreign strength ?STUART James VI- Absolutist, didnt call parliament for awhile, eventually he called it because he take money prudes- apprehension monarch shouldnt be head of church o So James persecuted the Puritans ? STUART Charles I be stow support to Armenians (sect of Anglican church, believed in predestination), named William inebriate the Archbishop of Canterbury unrelated to the eggs wait, those are Cadbury Eggs. Never mind Requested a forced loan from nobles, they didnt want to pay so he threw them in jail o They put forwards Petition of Rights, forced him to sign ? ? ?No forced taxation without fantan No free man could be lag without due cause No accommodate of troops in private homes 13 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? No martial jurisprudence against civilians John Eliot- Three Resolutions this formatting is intense o o o Anyone suspected of practicing Catholicism is a capital enemy of the state Any of barons advisors who inspire he raise funds extracurricular of parliament are also capital enemies of the state Anyone who remunerative tonnage and impoundment (duties the king imposed without parliament) was betraying the liberties of England Response might dissolved p arliament Personal order of Charles Charles governing England sans fan tan o To get money collected ship money used to be where coastal towns paid extra tax to pay for shipbuilding, but now errrybody in the club get taxed. Insisted that Calvinist Scotland adopt Church of England and request book The Book Of Common appealingness 1640 Charles called parliament because he thought they would give him money to put down economical rebellion- Short Parliament Dissolved it because they garbaged to give him funds before addressing their own needs. organize an army because he was still angry at Scots then he verboten kilts ?JK, Scots win Scots refuse to leave after invading England Made Charles pay a lot of money to them o o o o Charles has to call Long Parliament to pay for it o o o o Size matters Met for 20 years Impeached Charles ministers Abolished fringe benefit courts (kings courts) such as lede Chamber Grand Remonstrance- A lot (240) of things that Parliament are moanin g and whining about o Says Parliament has to approve minister 14 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o o Church of England reformed by commission No ship money ***Parliament called once every 3 years*** In response CHARLES INVADES PARLIAMENT o admit of Commons passes Militia code (very quickly because there were Soldiers at their doors) Gave Parliament control of the army Charles I fled to England, just in case o jk ? elegant War Happened Major issues o Whether England was going to have an absolute monarch or parliamentary monarch Anglican or Presbyterian See Lizzy Pelletier Cavaliers vs Roundheads o o ? ? ? Cavaliers==King Charles, Nobility, Anglicans Roundheads==parliament, Scots, townspeople, puritans Parliament won because of alliance with Scots Gen Cromwell (Lord Protector) created New manikin army Parliament tries Charles for treason, executes ? ? Commonwealth Abolished monarchy + mark of lords No more Anglican church, now puritan republic o Puritan Rules of Behavior simple clothes, no entertainment, no alcohol, no dancing, no fun. Independents wanted state church and religious freedom Presbyterians wanted state church and NO DISSENTERS o o Parliament No mo army o Cromwell vocalises nope 15 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Wants to stamp down Ireland and Scotland didnt these guys just help you? Not cool. Parliament gives no money to forces Cromwell disbands Parliament o This is a new thing. We have never seen this before. Really. The only important thing he does is separate England into military districts ? o ? Cromwell dies, monarchy back STUART CHARLES II o Treaty of Dover come on Dover. trigger off your bloomin arse - Charles would convert to Catholicism when conditions permit, made between Charles and French Louis XIV ? Charles gets a lot of money from Louis. This was good for him because he was getting a lot slight English money to support his abounding lifestyle STUART James I I o repeals Test Act (didnt allow Catholics to be officials/military, swear blighters for transubstantion), also, AP Test Act resolve of Indulgence ? ? No more religious tests for office holders Allowed freedom of worship Parliament Reaction Not worried because they thought the throne would go to James daughter Mary the protestant Sneaky James marries, makes a bebby, New James the Catholic o Parliament responds by inviting Mary the protestant and her new husband, William of Orange to encounter England, no opposition ? ORANGES William and Mary o Bill of Rights of 1689 ?Limits power of monarchy monarch is area to law, must be protestant, include parliament in law do monarch butterflies still free to do as they please 16 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections to parliament free of royal tour of duty No church courts Parliament accede for taxes required You can petition the king Parliament consent required for army People can have guns license of Debate in parliament because until now, they coincidently agreed on everything King cant just take peoples stuff without having a trial.Then he can. Excessive bail, nono. Parliament has to be held frequently. ? ? ? o Act Of Toleration- a compromise apex ? Non-conformists (protestants who were not in the church of England) given right of public worship, Unitarians or Catholics were illegal. Test Act remained ? o The Mutiny Act mutated knee act ? Authorized martial law to govern the army. Had to be re-passed every year (parliament had to be summoned yearly for this) Queen is now STUART Anne. Nothing changes. o Act of Settlement- preventing catholic Stuarts from getting on the throne ?Basically, this said that if Queen Anne dies without an heir, the throne goes to the Protestants in Hanover. Specifically, George the first. o Act Of Union- formed enceinte Britain out of England and Scotland. Only done so that Scotland would not go to war with England allied with France. ? Scotland gives up their parliament, allowed to maintain a Presbyterian church. o The Netherlands- a center of commerce and trade. ? Dutch War Of Independence 17 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? City of Antwerp was sacked.They c slipd the Scheldt river as part of the peace of Westphalia. Lead to the center of trade being changed to capital of The Netherlands. The Golden Age Bank of Amsterdam Dutch east India company higher(prenominal) standard of living Religious tolerance The Dutch proved to be lively businessmen In the Spanish inquisition, Jews fled to Netherlands one could say they were orange Jews Franz Hals- great portrait panther from Haarlem (yes, its spelled like that. ) Jan Vermeer- calico scenes of frequent Dutch life Rembrandt Van Rijn- painted The Night Watch- baroque art period ? Political de exchangeization o House of Orange- noble house who got power from revolting against Spain. Stadholder= male head of the family William of Nassau (hes William of Orange, guys) = stadholder of the family Orange beats up France. He also became the king of England. Life in Modern Europe ? ? Growth and population- macrocosm doubled in France between 1450-1550 legal injury revolution- population growth put haul on base commodities. harms had to increase like 500% because supply was less than demand.Rural life Gentry are people from towns and cities. o These guys begin to enclose their lands aka. Fence off land that used to be open. ? English Poor Law-The state provides for the poor 18 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? 3-field system- the rotation of crops in agribusiness? 1/3 lay fallow (they didnt use it), 1/3 crops, 1/3 animals baa baa moooo Primogeniture- the oldest male child gets all the jaunt. City life Guilds continue to play a determination in action of commodities. Cloth production done on a large scale.Capitalist entrepreneur would provide funds and governing of every sta ge of production. This made specialized guild-members sad. ? Family life No more than 3 or 4 children (usually) Marriages were arranged by parents, or formally improved, because they involved a transfer of property o o Married couples are full-fledged members of order of magnitude Single adults were looked on as capableness thieves or trouble-makers if they were male, and as prostitutes if they were female. There was a dowry o Tasks divided by gender & age, child labor was normal. custody do work, women cook, bloodless and make bebbies. For Protestants, the house became central rather than the church. o Paternalism increased because take is now the only person between the family and god 9 The Scientific change and reasonableness o Before the scientific revolution ? The view of scholasticism-combination of Christianity and ancient authors, such as Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle. four Elements earth, air, fire, water o Earth is the heaviest section and the earth is the center of the universe oAlchemy could intend chemistry of the time Didnt business concern about astronomy, believed in the works of Ptolemy (the orbit move around the earth) The Copernican revolution 19 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Nicolas Copernicus wrote Concerning The changes Of Celestial Spheres. A heliocentric universe, where the planets move about the sun. The orbits were circular. Tycho Brahe- the nominal head of the sun revolved around the earth but the other planets revolved around the sun. he taught Kepler. fun facts about Brahe, courtesy of Mr.Willard Brahe wooly-minded his nose in a bar fight over a math question, and fixed it with many metal noses that he would replace from daylight to day. Also, he had a pet dwarf who he would bring out at parties. The dwarf would go under the table and do things with his pass on Johannes Kepler- planets go in ellipses. Galileo Galilei- invented the telescope. The moon has mountains, and its ma de of the same material as earth. Jupiter has moons, and stars are far away. He also stated that the acceleration of gravity was constant for all masses.Giordano Bruno argued that there were many worlds in the universe, the papal inquisition executed him. Isaac northward wrote Principia, examined the relations of different forces, invented differential calculus, and ascertained that white light was a alloy of different lights. ? ? ? ? ? o The impact of scientific revolution on philosophy ? Francis Bacon a palatable man argued to examine evidence from nature when making thesis. Rene Descartes- I think therefore I am, wrote Discourse on Method, challenged major classical beliefs.He invented logical proofs (if P then Q), he tried to make logic and philosophy be done with math because it was devoted see Robespierre in relation to math Blaise protactinium the fireman Pascals wager= it is better to bet that god exists than to bet that he does not, since if he does you will go to hea ven, and if he doesnt then you dont lose anything. Thomas Hobbes believed that life was nasty, brutish and short. cherished absolutism (man formed states with a sovereign that has complete power, the subjects would never rebel) because man by nature wanted to destroy each other.John Locke- social contract between the people and the state, where the people have certain inalienable rights no ET allowed of life, liberty, and property. If a government infringes on these rights, man has the right nay, the responsibility to rebel. Another idea was Tabula Rasa- there is no predestination or original sin people were born with a clean slate. ? ? ? ? o The eighteenth-century Enlightenment ? Immanuel Kant- idea that individuals should not believe an idea simply because authority says it, people should use reasoning to solve bothers.Philosophers are thinkers and would often speak at salons. ? 20 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Republic of garner was an internatio nal community of philosophers who communicated en francais M. Giblin. Voltaire was a philosophe. And a deist- believed that god created the universe and the laws of science, those laws are still being followed. ? Ecrasez linfame (crush the grand thing) was anti-religion He wrote Candide- humans cannot watch to find happiness by associating with specific philosophic systems. People should try to find a private comfort. ?Baron de Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws, wrote about separation of powers and checks and balances. Also said that bondage was unnatural and bad. Diderot wrote Encyclopedia, a collaboration of all the knowledge and information that was prominent at the time Rousseau was the most radical philosophe, antagonized Voltaire believed in direct democracy vs. the other philosophes who believed in a ecesisal monarchy. Ideas became prominent after his death, especially in the French Revolution. ? ? o Social Contract- Everyone has a duty to their country, a perf ect society would be controlled by the general will of its populaceThe Spread of Enlightenment Thought ? Cesare Baccaria- Crimes and Punishment, about changing jurisprudence, the surmisal and philosophy of law. He believed everyone should have basic rights. David Hume- Atheism, doubt on religion. Questioned assumptions around cause and effect. EDWARD GIBBON- Wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, which was mean, criticized Christianity, proverb it weakened the vibrancy of the empire and contributed to its precipitation Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations Free market, laissez-faire, hidden hand ? ? o Women and the Enlightenment ? Organized salons, where philosophes hung out Marquise de Pompadour- Louis the XVs mistress, helped Diderot avoid censorship Mary Wollstonecraft- Women should vote, and hold public office. ? ? o European powers In the age of enlightenment ? Enlightened Absolutists- Catherine the large(p) of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia Prussia and Austria ? 21 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus Frederick William (The keen Elector) worked out agreement with the Junkers (Prussian nobility)they could have serfs, and would pay him money for the privilege Son Frederick III became Frederick I of Prussia (because Prussia became a nation? ) Also was Frederick the spacious, an enlightened absolutist o Freed serfs on Royal nations, but not the Junkers serfs, because he liked the Junkers. Abolished capital punishment, decrease amount of corporal punishment on serfs o Austrian Empress Maria Theresa begat Joseph II, who was a fan of religious toleration o Issued Edicts of Toleration, granting Jews, Lutherans, Calvinists freedom of worship Wars of Austrian Succession o o HREmperor Charles VI has no male heir, issues Pragmatic Sanctionsays there can be a female heir Therefore, Maria Theresa is crowned, but France and Prussia begin to seize land (violating the sanction) Frederick I takes advantage of this and s eizes Silesia, the richest part of Austria Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle- Austrian throne will go to Habsburgs finish the war Result of the War Prussia gains power Diplomatic Revolution alliance between Austrians and French, meant to weaken Prussians ?Great Britain consort with Prussia Leads directly into Seven Years War Ultimately won by Prussians and British because Russian Czar slit III didnt want to have so much conflict so he protected the Prussians British allies defeat the French in the French and Indian War in the States o o o o ? ? RussiaThe Fatherland Ivan the Terrible expanded territory under the control of Muscovy what the hell? , Russia entered into a period of time known as THE clock OF TROUBLES 22 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus When I find myself in times of trouble, FATHER STALIN comes to me, ended with the selection of a czar from the Romanov family. This was tool the Great o o o o Forced nobles to shave their beards (as was the style in the west) Taxed nobility by the number of serfs they had open monopolies on commodities like salt (See HIV) Table of Rankseach government position had a graduated ranking, social mobility Established St.Petersburg, a window on the West, built in the newest styles from France if you havent gotten the hint, Peter was a big fan of the West Conscripted serfs into the army, built the first Russian navy, thwarted the Swedes in the great Northern war Catherine the Great codified Russian law and had an affair with Stanislaw Augustus Poniatowski, he somehow became the King of Poland shortly afterwards. o o o ? Poland Lithuanian grand-duke Jagiello married Polish pansy Jadwiga? PolishLithuanian Commonwealth o Defeated the Teutonic Knights at Battle of Grunwald When Poniatowski becomes King, he displayed an independent streak that Catherine the Great did not expect from her former Lover Prussia, Russia, Austria forced Poland to accept a partition o Poland loses 30% of its territory P oland had Europes first written constitution o o Reduces the power of nobles who appealed to Russians for assistance Russia and Prussia partitioned again, which removed the constitution and removed a lot of land ? Tadeusz Kosciuszko leads a Polish revolt forcing Poniatowski to abdicate triad and final partition wiping Poland off the map. Great Britain Tories 23 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Whigs o o Wanted exemption rights of the monarch More enlightened, liked religious tolerance Had a certain leader ? Do you remember his name? It is Edmund off o Argued that parties were essential to parliamentary government and political stability. You should have learned all of the American Revolution stuff in APUSH American Revolution spurred a movement of parliamentary reform in Great Britain oJohn Wilkes, member of the House of Commons and part time pornographer*, arrested for publishing a satirical attack on King George III ? *Perfect example of social mobility. o ? France Wanted greater freedom of press and UMS Jansenists- Catholic sect which believes in predestination o Parlements==Provincial law courts made up of nobles, block Louis XV from supporting a papal decree banning Jansenists ? Louis XV abolishes parlements Louis cardinal brings them back 10- The French Revolution, Napoleon, the European Reaction o Background Wallpaper? of the revolution ?Major problem facing 80s France fros? was financialthey were quite bankrupt, Budget 50% Paying debts and interest 25% military o financial backing American revolution, skirmishes with British 6% Royal Life whig powdering? intentional misspelling. They powdered Edmund Burke he was a whig leader 24 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? 19% infrastructure not that much. no-account peasant. Estates General First Estate- Church and Clergy o Wealthy churchies, but there were also poor churches who felt aligned for the threesome estate Tithe- church tax o Second Estate- Nobles and Aristocracy o o Only 3% of population feudalistic privileges Controlled mills and winemaking, would often charge their own fees for use of the mills effectively making it difficult for peasants to use their ingrain Third Estate- Peasants and Bourgeoisie (the educated upper lay class, lawyers and doctors and thinkers) o Abbe Sieyes- Quest-ce que le troisieme etat? , What is the third estate? Everything. What has it been in the political order up till the present? Nothing. What does it ask? To become something. Were always overruled in EG because 1/3, when govt needed money they always raise taxes ? ? Fourth Estate- Batman He was Robin the Pierre Role of Enlightenment? INSPIRATION. Causes Failed harvests in 1789 makes poor people poor Louis fires see Finance Necker who wanted to subsidize grain and tax nobles, Peasants sad ? Louis called Assembly of Notables (leading aristocrats and churches), asked if they wanted to pay a land tax they obviously said yes. , instead suggested that they would have a greater share in governing ok, sure guys, called for an Estates General o Calling of the Estates General ? ? Hey, Estates General Everybody complains that the third estate gets a third of the vote, so the King does nothing 25 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erryone wanted change, but nobody knew how they wanted it, resulting in thousands of Cahiers de doleances (lists of grievances) Examples of what they wanted equal tax system and regular meetings of the EG, limiting the size of sheep herds ? o King kept everybody waiting Tennis Court Oath ? The third estate was locked out of the meeting, so they went to a tennis court (handball) whatever it was a court.They stubborn keep convening until there was a new constitution Declaration of the Rights of Man- Lafayette influenced this, King did not sign guaranteed Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality (later the French Motto) ? o Leaders THUNDERSTORMING OF THE B ASTILLE AND THE GREAT nemesis subject field Assembly, Legislative Assembly, subject throng, The Directory enrage J. Herbert Jacobins Robespierre, St. Just Couthon, republic of pure fairness idealism, vague Cordeliers J. P. Marat, G. J. Danton, C. Desmoulins Republic. One house, broader suffrage but not for women Girondists Jaques Brissot, M&Mme Roland, Condorcet, A.Sieyes Keep king as a figurehead, prime minister or president. Parliamentary system. Weak executive, strong legislative. Limited suffrage. Reform gradually, use laws. hurrying bourgeoisie Feuillants Lafayette, Mirabeau Royalists Count Of Artios Agenda confusion fundamental monarchy Absolutism Means To death Supporters Violence is nice. Abolish all, kill, then peace. constitutional intellectuals, radical sandculottes Violence may be necessary (guillotine) Leaders? bourgeoisie, intellectuals. pursuit? sansculottes fast reform, system of laws, wider suffrage Leaders? ourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers ? sans-c ulottes Very slow and careful gradualllllllllllllly change, natural laws. Some (newer) nobles, some clergy Violence may be necessary to get back lost power Upper-class (old wealth) nobles, upper clergy 26 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o ? Bastille- prison, a symbol of royal despotism, held dissenters. Peasants went and took the gunpowder. When they killed the governor (of the bastille), they put his head on a pike. This was the descent of VIOLENCE bang bang Louis was really scared. He recognized the Commune of Paris (a new government of the city of Paris). New national guard, under the command of Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolutionary War) The great grape fear fury between the peasants and the nobles. Some aristocrats began to renounce their feudal rights Poissonards Women from the look for market (poisson means fish), had knives for catgutting, they could gut people like a fish like Katie Evans. It was raining, guards of the palace saw them a nd decided to invite them in and give them food.They found the King and Queen COWERING IN FEAR, Marquis de Lafayette made them compromise (they wanted to kill Marie Antoinette), instead they just had the royal family move to the Tuileries, a lesser palace in Paris. turning POINT The center of the revolution was in Paris, Natl Assembly moved to Paris as well. June 1791-King and Queen try to eschape ? ? ? ? ? dressed to kill(p) like bourgeoisie went in a carriage, headed towards the Austrian Netherlands (Varenne) to meet up with the emigres (nobles who had fled during the Great Fear o Count of Artois (Louis XVIs brother) had led the emigres.Were found out by a drunk guy, brought back to Paris and put under rook Arrest ? Declaration of Pillnitz Issued by Leopold of Austria give tongue to they would stifle France, but only if all of Europe came with them ? Olympe de Gouge- Wrote The Rights of Women, argued women should have property, education, and the right to divorce. Civil Co nstitution of the Church- King is forced to pass this Church is a department of the state, bishops are elected, clergy has state-funded salaries and all have to swear an oath of loyalty. Considered by many historians (and Mrs. Lansell) to be the biggest mistake of the revolution.Created a split in religion when Pope Pius VI denounced the Civil Constitution. ? 27 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o obdurate Clergy- more devout Catholics, included King and many peasants. Being part of this gave one a reason to be anti-revolution. Constitutional Clergy- strong revolutionariesthere was no strong reason to be part of this. Assignats- governance bonds backed by repossessed Church landseach bill was redeemable for church land, eventually became the currency of the Republic. ? The National Assembly King has suspensive veto- can delay take on legislation for 4 years.Also control army and foreign policy. Passive Citizens- Men who do not pay taxes. officiou s Citizens- Men who pay taxes. o Electors- lively citizens with high property requirements. France was divided into 83 Departments (instead of the provinces) Paris Commune- Municipality of Paris, controlled by the people. Essentially rattling(a) communism (even though Marx hadnt come up with it yet? ) o Controlled by Enrages Jews and Protestants have full political rights No slavery o Toussaint L Ouverture- ferocious at the continuation of slavery in the colonies, led a slave rebellion in Hispaniola (now Haiti)Brunswick Manifesto- Issued by Duke of Brunswick of Prussia threatened to destroy Paris if the King or his family were harmed. Sans Culottes o Stormed the Tuileries and killed 600 Swiss mercenary guards, because they were bored and had nothing better to do. September Massacres- Raped, killed, pillaged, and burned o Lafayette is somehow No Longer the Commander he flees and captured by Austrians and put in send back until Napoleon comes and Frees Him. Paris Commune fo rces the National Assembly to create a new Legislative Body using UMS this was called the National Convention o European Reactions to the French Revolution 28 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? William Pitt the young dumbest name ever, British PM, hoped that the war would at long last end the rivalry between the 2 nations. EDMUND BURKE- Wrote Reflections on the French Revolution, opposed the French Revolution, predicting it would become more violent Well done, Edmund Buuuuurke ? o THE REIGN OF TERRiER Puppies? (Actually TerrOr) ? Montagniards- Radical Jacobins- named because they chose to sit supra all the others in the National Convention The Plain- Girondists, moderates. Believed in Laissez-Faire, supported a strong legislative government.Committee of reality Safety- Comprised of Danton, Carnot, and Maximilien Robespierre who is incorruptible, right? Vendee- state of France which uprose because the Revolutionary Tribunal (specifically Carnot, head of the military) created a Levee en Masse, or mandatory blueprint on every male 16-25. This elicit the peasants because it took away their strong men right before the harvest. Law of Maxim- Froze wages and prices. Price controls benefited the Sans-Culottes. Law of Suspects- Empowers the Revolutionary Tribunal (Committee of Public Safety) to arrest anyone suspicious or suspected. criminalize women from politics Censored the press ? ? ? ? ? ? Jean-Paul Marat- Journalist, published names of dissenters, stabbed by Charlotte Corday The day after he died was Bastille Day, so he was considered the martyr of the revolution and statues were made in his honor. Jacobins used his death as justification of the terror ? Jacobins tried to create a Republic of Virtue, where they removed all traces of the old regime. Created a new calendar Removed all traces of religious symbols Created the Cult of the positive Being- a religion celebrating virtue, Roman influence.Worship every 10 days (wee ks were 10 days long in the revolutionary calendar) o Supreme Being was pretty much Robespierre. Guillotined political enemies, circa 20,000 people. 29 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o many a(prenominal) were Girondists. ? Desmoulins (a Cordelier) wrote for a newspaper, in which he called for the end of the terror and therefore was arrested by Robespierre Danton supported his theory (was also a Cordelier) and was arrested too No Cordeliers are left, so only the Jacobins are in power.Robespierres popularity wanes o Robespierre says he has a list of all the traitors in the National Assembly and that he will read it the next day Overnight they decide he is a traitor ? He is arrested He tried to shoot himself and fails o They execute him o ? Thermidorean Reaction- People get mad, 100 leading Jacobins are guillotined The White Terror- Any standstill with Jacobins or Robespierre would get you guillotined. o o The Directory Napoleon was arrested, but he managed not to get guillotined. ?The Council of Ancients- People aged 40+ They voted on legislation which the Council of 500 created. They had 3 year terms. The Council of 500- General assembly had to be aged 30+. 2/3 of them had to have been in the National Convention. Royalists were derangement because they had left the National Convention earlier. ruffianly luck, guys 2/3 law answer Royalists are protesting over the 2/3 law, peasants are generally angry over bad harvests and such so royalists let them fight too. ? o NAPOLEON nap