Mob Mentality

Mob mentality, or mob psychology, has been observed in numerous rock concerts and sports events in the United States, which often ends in riots and numerous people trampled to death. These events imply that there are certain influences exerted by a group that affect a person's behavior (Waddington & King, 2005). The effect of these observations is the conduct of many studies and theories in the field of social psychology.As early as 1895, Le Bon, who was writing about crowd psychology, published his work entitled, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. His work posits that people who form a large crowd lose their conscious personalities, and these are â€Å"replaced by a sinister uncivilised and potentially barbaric ‘collective mind (Waddington & King, 2005).’†The concept of mob psychology is rooted on the idea that the persons involved are burdened with an incapacity for self-control. Thus, these people who are susceptible of being part of the mob easily succumb to pressures, influences, and temptations (Feasibility and Admissibility of Mob Mentality Defenses, 1995).The perceived reason underlying mob mentality is classified into three complementary mechanisms. First among these is anonymity. A person who usually acts as a distinct person is prevented from behaving badly because his actins would be associated with himself alone. However, a person who loses his personality and becomes merely a part of large crowd becomes anonymous, making him feel liberated from personal responsibility from their actions (Waddington & King, 2005).Another mechanism involved in crowd disorder is suggestibility. Le Bon asserts that people in a group become â€Å"less resistant to the ‘hypnotic’ powers of suggestion.† Thus, the mob is compelled into engaging in abnormal and unsavory behavior. This mechanism suggested by Le Bon is built upon by Allport in 1924, who suggested that mob psychology involves â€Å"social facilitation† where by mutual stimulation causes the overriding of customary self-restraint exercised by people in normal circumstances (Waddington & King, 2005).  Finally, there is contagion. This mechanism refers to the fact that the â€Å"†high emotions spread contagiously† as if such effect is inevitable. This leads to the often-observed violent frenzy of mobs (Waddington & King, 2005).Mob mentality is a defense against criminal liability, and is based on psychological theory. In technical terms, it is referred to as Mob Violence Proclivity Syndrome. It belongs to other psychological defenses to criminal liability, such as child sexual abuse syndrome and rape trauma syndrome (Feasibility and Admissibility of Mob Mentality Defenses, 1995).The idea is that group criminal behavior is explained by the tendency of humans to get caught up in the excitement of situations and people such that they are unable to make meaningful, real, and rational decisions about their behavior (Feasibility a nd Admissibility of Mob Mentality Defenses, 1995).The legal community has observed the effects of an understanding of this human behavioral tendency on public policy, the law, and criminal liability. Whereas in the old times, crimes committed by a group had been made graver by the fact that several people participated in the act, nowadays, such fact is used to mitigate criminal liability of the offenders.Thus, the fact that people who merely followed the mob did not have the opportunity to make rational choices about their actions is enough to help them negate or avoid criminal responsibility for their acts (Feasibility and Admissibility of Mob Mentality Defenses, 1995). This particular effect of the psychological concept of mob mentality raises serious concerns on public policy and the law.ReferencesFeasibility and Admissibility of Mob Mentality Defenses. (1995). Harvard Law Review 108(5),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1111-1126.Waddington, D. & King, M. (2005). The Diso rderly Crowd: From Classical PsychologicalReductionism to Socio-Contextual Theory – The Impact on Public Order Policing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategies. The Howard Journal 44 (5), 490–503

Evaluation education Essay

Assessment is a systematic process of collecting information or evidence about a student’s progress towards meeting the learning expectations. Assessment is embedded in the instructional activities throughout a unit. The expectations for the assessment tasks are clearly articulated and the learning activity is planned to make that demonstration possible. This process of beginning with the end in mind helps to keep focus on the expectations of the course. The purpose of assessment is to gather the data or evidence and to provide meaningful feedback to the student about how to improve or sustain the performance in the course. Scaled criteria designed as rubrics are often used to help the student to recognize their level of achievement and to provide guidance on how to achieve the next level. Although assessment information can be gathered from a number of sources (the student himself, the student’s course mates, the teacher), evaluation is the responsibility of only the teacher. For evaluation is the process of making a judgment about the assessment information and determining the percentage grade or level. Assessment is embedded within the instructional process throughout each unit rather than being an isolated event at the end. Often, the learning and assessment tasks are the same, with formative assessment provided throughout the unit. In every case, the desired demonstration of learning is articulated clearly and the learning activity is planned to make that demonstration possible. This process of beginning with the end in mind helps to keep focus on the expectations of the course as stated in the course guideline. The evaluations are expressed as a percentage based upon the levels of achievement.

Social psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social psychology - Essay Example The study of personalities and theoretical differences in personalities. It can also be said that personality psychology is specific to the studying of human differences. Social psychology is related closely to personality psychology as understanding social behaviors can be better explained by observing and studying personality differences. If there were no personality differences displayed in humans, then we would all be exactly the same and diversity would not exist. Answer: The theory of self monitoring simply revolves around being in control of one’s words and actions as well as the level of awareness one has over one‘s self. It can be explained as the idea of being accountable to one’s self. For example, an individual with low self monitoring, does not think before they speak. This means that their words and actions are often socially inappropriate. An individual with high self monitoring will select their words carefully before speaking, mentally weighing their choice of words or topics of discussion. A person with high self monitoring is also very concerned with if they are acting within social norms or not. A high self monitor will act out in embarrassing ways without really feeling embarrassed, â€Å"People who are high self-monitors constantly watch other people, what they do and how they respond to the behavior of others. Such people are hence very self-conscious and like to look good and will hence usually adapt we ll to differing social situations. Answer: The overconfidence phenomenon within the work place is receiving more and more attention and study as it seems to be a growing problem in some large corporations. An example of this phenomenon is someone who excels professionally but progressively feels more and more comfortable taking more risks. The overconfident individual will state their ability to perform tasks at a higher level than what

Challenging Behavior. Causes and Approaches to Dealing with Essay

Challenging Behavior. Causes and Approaches to Dealing with Challenging Behavior - Essay Example There have been claims that challenging behavior is responsible for exposing the tough in an advanced group level which have the effects of resulting into maturity or segregation from the learning category (Similarly, Simmons & Ward 1998).There were also establishments that there are some behaviors that can never be classified easily by the educators such as distractions, chatting as well as the non verbal maltreatments. Nonetheless, there is a different suggestion from Oliver (2003) that, the categorization of behavior appears as challenging throughout diverse schools. According to this scholar, the challenging behavior is developed socially. There is need for evaluating the matter of challenging behavior amongst individuals since it has attracted different theories and approaches from scholars. Therefore, this piece will look at the dissimilar theories that expound on behavior. Specifically, the piece will attain its baseline points of arguments the works by Bandura, Skinner, Vygot sky, and Watson. The piece will evaluate the Cognitive Behaviorist theory and Social Learning Theory. It is also significant to show how each theory takes care of the needs of the child and this paper will respond to that concern. Reasoning from the behaviorist context, there is a realization that behavior could be learned or modified (Skinner 1904-90), the writer affirms this stipulation through the work entitled, ‘Operant Conditioning’. The scholar proceeded into highlighting that children operate on the environment through engagement in particular identifiable activities due to the results of such behaviors. Skinner outlines that any stimulus leading to the repeat of a particular behavior emphasizes that particular behavior. The response would vary from return, reward, attentiveness as well as social assistance. The situation instance to elaborate this suggestion would follow for instance, if a particular child, let us name him Tim confesses to another that he gets pleasure playing with the other named Carol of late. If Tim invites his playmate for dinner in addition, this would invoke the application of the Skinner’s suggestions. It can be proposed that support in the construction of th e scenario would be a smile in spite of the situation, a word of praise for an outstanding behavior. Skinner upheld that particular rewards for such behavior reoccurrence on a different instance or instances. Even though support contributes to the increment in frequency of the behavior, it does it in a dissimilar manner. This situation may arise in the instance when we prefaer promoting a behavior in the child contrary to demanding the behavior in that person. In case something is happening and the child request the parent to stop it in a polite manner and it is done, then the alternate behavior is reinforced. For instance, the child requests for changing of a video clip. If the parent execute the child’s desire then the parent is strengthening the aimed behavior, that of requesting in a polite way. It can be argued that both positive and unhelpful support, when used appropriately can enhance the frequency of the ideal behavior. Major values of conventional habituation were c ontoured by the work of Ivan Pavlov (1819 -1936) where an unbiased stimulus brings about a response if put together with a stimulus that already has that response. Rewarding a student for positive a behavior exhibited enhances that behavior. For instance, if a teacher

Negotiating with East Asians Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negotiating with East Asians - Article Example The present research has identified that IBN is basically a kind of communication that often occurs between one or more parties to assist them to deal with those issues that are agreeable among themselves as well as those that bring forth some kind of drift. Some of the countries chosen for the research carried out so that the Asian business community can be understood better are, China, Japan, and Korea. These are amongst those countries that trade so often with the United States of America and also have closely linked cultural backgrounds. In as far as the negotiation procedures between the two are concerned; several disparities were found to exist in East Asia that is not there in America. These include; The East Asians attend meetings in large numbers. This is the same for all from the three studied countries. Although their reasons vary, for instance, the Japanese attend in large numbers because they believe that no single individual has the capacity to understand the whole comp any thus represent it in full confidence in any meeting to the Chinese putting hierarchical meaning to the number, having much regard for ranks and the power that comes with it. The Americans avoid such numbers due to several reasons such as to cut down on the expense associated with large numbers of avoiding group disagreements because they are eager to close a negotiation as fast as possible. In East Asia, the majority of those in meetings happen to be men. They give little regard to their female counterparts and whatever input they might have in as far as the meetings are concerned as stated by Hofstede, G. Due the there been the complete opposite of such perceptions in America, it is often quite common for their Asian partners to assume that the American women present in the boardroom are assistants or secretaries thus find it repulsive if these women participated in any manner whatsoever. The East Asians are known to arrive in any meeting fully conversant with their partnerâ₠¬â„¢s background, from professional such as work experience to the level of study as well personal information such as what they like to eat and do at their free time. The Americans do not have this tradition to be over-indulged in their partners lives thus are always caught unaware at most times.

Compare and contrast the Erechtheum and the Pantheon Essay

Compare and contrast the Erechtheum and the Pantheon - Essay Example Of course it had always been referred to that the Romans were imitative of Greek culture. The same can be said in their architecture. Barstow makes for an interesting commentary when he said that â€Å"Roman architecture has been called merely Greek architecture imitated with greater richness but less refinement. No doubt the Greeks were greater originators, but the Romans were more practical, and, being great builders they extended the art in every direction. Yet, where they changed or modified the Greek, they did not always improve it (p. 49). The columns are the very main foundation of both the Erechtheum and the Pantheon. It served not only a decorative, and magnificently so at that, but also as the main source of strength of the two buildings. When we see the Erechtheum and the Pantheon we are immediately transported to the culture of a former world and its lush sense of style that has continued to captivate the essence of design up to this day. There are many similarities between these architectures and this may be palpable in the two structures but there are also differences that may be perceived, especially in the Pantheon which came much later than the Erechtheum and thus contains some improvements and innovations. The Erechtheum is a temple built for the goddess Athena Polias with Ionic design. The design is characterized by two chambers where one faces west and the other faces east. There is a debate as to which direction is actually devoted to Athena but there is belief that it is the western end the Erechtheum while in the eastern portion is that of Poseidon-Erechtheus, Hephaestus and Boutes. The Erechtheum is actually the name of one of its cellas, the same way the Pantheon derived its name. An interesting tidbit of history was divulged by Pausinias to describe the worship for Athena of the people. He tells that even though there are many of those who had already converted to Christianity, they still hold a special reverence for Athena and the Erechtheum. The image in the Acropolis was considered to be most holy. Legend says that it fell from the sky with a lamp that never goes out of oil easily though it is lighted throughout (George, n.p.). The most distinct design of Roman architecture is their use of arches. This was not new when they incorporated it into their construction but it was revolutionized by the Romans. Where the Greeks usually employed straight lines, the Romans made use of arches to give a softer feel to the look of the buildings. This is an integral aspect of the Pantheon which is essentially a dome that fully embraces the use of an arch. This transformed the total design of a building. It was also during the time of the Romans where the use of cement which is basically rock that were ground and sand mixed as a wet component proliferated. This technique was actually responsible and made it possible to build the Pantheon. But unlike the Greeks, the Romans built more than temples

Cribbing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cribbing - Essay Example Despite how little is known about cribbing, there are preventative methods, as well as treatments. Cribbing is not only harmful to property, but also to an equine’s overall health. When a horse cribs, it is thought that the action releases endorphins. Endorphins are a chemical that releases sensations of pleasure and relaxation from the brain into the body. These endorphins are why cribbing is such an addictive habit, and why it is so difficult to stop a horse from doing it once it has begun. One of the most accepted theories on why a horse will start cribbing is stress. Many equines are kept in stalls for much of their lives, but under natural conditions, the horse is moving almost 90% of the time, constantly grazing and focusing on food. In a stall, the horse is confined and not able to move around and graze. Not being able to roam the way it is naturally designed for, a horse will grow stressed, which then leads to bad habits like cribbing. Cribbing has several negative eff ects on both property and the health of the equine. Horse teeth are very strong, and are capable of damaging things like wood, leather, plastic, and a number of other things that make up fences and equipment. When a horse cribs, it uses its teeth to grab onto an object, such as a fence. It then arches its neck and forcefully sucks in a lungful of air. This process is repeated again and again. One of the biggest dangers for a horse that cribs are dental problems. Because they are continuously chewing and grabbing hard objects with their teeth, this can have a negative consequence, which may result in chipped, broken, or deformed teeth. Teeth, however, are not the only thing horse owners need to worry about with a horse that cribs. Poor digestion and colic are two of the other problems that are often reported with a cribbing horse. Wickens (2009) said that ‘Gastrointestinal irritation has been implicated in crib-biting (CB) in horses.’ Treating this nasty habit can be bot h difficult and time consuming. Because cribbing is widely known to be caused by stress, giving your horse ample time in the pasture is one solution that could eliminate the problem altogether. Boredom can also contribute to stress in your horse, and so giving it activities and working with it on a regular basis will curb that boredom. Cadlock (2000-2005) says to ‘provide your horse with a companion, preferably another horse, but goats also often make good companions for horses.’ Other studies state that different types of work (ie, dressage, jumping, cross country, etc.) can lead to cribbing. In one such study, Hausberger (2009) found that ‘Repetitive licking and/or biting of substrates was observed mostly in eventing horses, whereas cribbing and windsucking occurred only in dressage and high school horses.’ For a more ‘hands on’ approach, there are collars available that go around a cribbing horse’s neck. These collars, or straps, are designed to stop the horse from swallowing air. A metal plate that presses into the underside of the animal’s throat makes it difficult to swallow air. As a last resort, surgery can be used to cut the muscles in the horse’s neck to stop the animal from lifting its head up. Prevention is the only true way of being certain that this damaging habit does not take hold. Limiting stall time is the biggest and most helpful way to prevent a cribbing habit. When your horse is able to be a horse, this reduces the animals’

Critically discuss and analyse 2012 London Olympic play in their Essay

Critically discuss and analyse 2012 London Olympic play in their capacity to generate social, cultural, economic and tourism impacts - Essay Example Hosting the Olympic Games has also been something that many countries want to be associated with especially when it comes to hosting (Tcha 2004, p. 312). The history of the Olympics back to Athenian period, where they are thought to have originated from (Veraros, Kasimati & Dawson 2004, p. 749-50). Since then, the competitions have developed and increased in the number of sporting events and the manner in which the competitions are organized. The Olympic Games are usually held after every four years, compared to other sporting events that in most cases take place on a biennial basis. Organization of the Olympic Games is a mandate of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a body that was initiated in 1894 with current headquarters in Britain. Currently, many countries across the world dream of hosting the Olympic games after the time required, there is always a lot of bidding for hosting rights of the sporting event. The motivation to host these events is usually preceded by the thought of perceived benefits that the events pose to the state (Caporale, Economou & Philippas, 2008, p. 10; Berman, Brooks & Davidson 2000, p. 785). Previously, statistics and records compiled at the end of the Olympic Games show that in spite of the huge costs incurred in preparations for hosting of the events, there are huge benefits derived from successful Olympic Games. The 2012 Summer Olympics were also commonly referred to as the 2012, and were a major international multi-sport event that were held and celebrated in the tradition of the Olympic games. These events took place in the London capital in the United Kingdom in the 2012 and attracted more than 200 nations with over 10, 000 athletes taking part in the different athletics categories. Following a successful bid, London was able to outwit other fierce rivals in the hosting process that included Russia’s Moscow, the New York City of United

Introduction to modern Chinese History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to modern Chinese History - Essay Example Way back in the history of the world’s civilization, china had consolidated the global power and superiority compared to the rest countries (Chaurasia, 2004). It was the major source of the world’s steel that enabled her to gain more wealth and invest in other productive economic activities. It is considered to be the earliest world’s leading in innovations that gave the whole world its backbone in industrial development, an example is the textile manufacturing industries that were seven centuries older than those that were invented in Britain. With the floating capital, china was the leading nation in trade that earned it more wealth. It engaged in the long distance trade with other countries in the various continents such as Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Southern Asia (Kane, 2006). With the interaction to the rest of the world nations, China borrowed more ideas that were utilized effectively thereby making her agricultural and industrial revolution move m uch steps ahead; it engaged in the production of writing materials that ensured proper records were kept for more production activities (Goldman & Lee,2002). This further earned her the opportunity to be the world superpower that exported her goods across all nations by the use of her commercial ships. However, China’s prosperity set a blaze to other nations more especially the British and the Europeans that had sleepless nights in the bid to interact with her, so that they can be able to borrow more from their technological advancement. The British imperialism therefore challenged the china’s superiority and the dominant global position in the world market (Schoppa, 2011). Therefore, the British and the Western engaged on an imperial conquest of the East that was instigated by the material gain in order to prosper in their economies and to ensure they do not allow china to dominate any longer as a superpower. This was not an easy task for them; as a result they were unable to

Reflective Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reflective Journal - Essay Example opriate knowledge to gain as there has been increased need to understand how governments align the expectation of the public with regards to healthcare and the ability of such governments to fund these services. With focus on the Australia, it was appreciated that the government, including state and local governments, is the largest sponsor of healthcare services (Armstrong et al., 2007). Out of pocket contributions are also considerable. The private sector contributes minimally to funding for the aged care and health services. In a similar manner, the government largely funds care for the aged, with support from market oriented players, charitable organisations and informal care systems. Therefore, these findings support my earlier postulate that the government largely finances the healthcare services for Australian people. The private sector contributes to a small extent to this course. This indicates how critical healthcare is to the nation that it cannot be risked to the hands of private individuals. However, this could further indicate how great a burden the people of Australia bear in terms of catering for their healthcare and caring for the aged. Whereas it is appreciated that the government is the largest financier of healthcare system, it still sources such funds from the public through taxation. In essence, this means that the people of Australia fund their own healthcare. This gives them the power to demand for better healthcare services including care for the aged. The appreciation of this argument has seen various governments carry out reforms on healthcare management. Such reforms would normally be based on a forecast of future clinical developments. The ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ was a critical analogy to draw example from. This postulated that individual decisions on increasing herds of cattle had common economic cost to the whole community then. As such, individual freedom had communal price to pay, thus the establishment of guidelines to govern

Technology and Business Essay Example for Free

Technology and Business Essay Introduction If there is something that differentiates businesses all over the world before and after the Second World War, it is technology. Today, it is virtually impossible to create or find an industry untouched by even the simplest form of technology. Companies as big as software makers and even those as small as fund-raising charities utilize computers and other innovations to make work more organized, easier, and efficient. Thus, it can be said that rewinding to the time when technology is not yet popular in organizations is next to impossible. With the benefits that technology brings, it is not unusual to think that it also affects the way in which organizations behave. The direct access of many corporate individuals to computing machines and other technology shapes their perception and execution of work. Collectively, these perceptions and work executions make up the business culture that can affect and even change the organization tremendously. While it can be agreed that technology indeed changes the character of organizations, still there are two sides of contention. One is how the so-called organizational character has changed, if it had, and how it is still changing now. Secondly, it is important to note if the changes are towards a more positive organization, or otherwise. In discussing so it will be beneficial to point out the different issues surrounding the change that technology has brought about to companies and their cultures. Ultimately, there is an aim to find out how decision makers are affected by these character changes in organizations as brought about by technology. How technology is changing businesses To begin with, it can be argumentative to say that technology is changing the way organizations behave. Kraar L (1997) states that business cultures are changing in the same way that technological frameworks in companies are changing. Morrison J (1995) further claims that technology is unavoidable. However, merely expressing these claims do not show that the change is really happening, and how it is happening. A little history According to Craiger JP (2006), technology and business met halfway through two paradigm shifts. In the beginning, computers were purely of military use, mostly to study firing trajectories and strategize entry points to field battles. It was in the 1950s that computers were introduced for business use. At this time computers were big, called mainframe computers, and complex that they needed special skill and know-how to be operated. Computers and skilled operators were isolated in a computer room were all of the computer processes were done. At the same period, the era post World War II, there was a drastic improvement in the lives of people and there were more white collar jobs than ever. It followed that more white collar workers were hired, and these opened to more people being exposed into the technologically changing workplace. Still, however, computers were reserved for those who know how to use them. Because of this, employees who are not directly in touch with the new technology that their companies were adapting did not feel the importance or the effects that technology brought to their companies. Even managers did not feel the essence of technology in their day-to-day work life. It was only in the 1980s when more members of organizations have been given access to the new technology, thanks to the development of stand-alone computers by IBM. Through these smaller computers, managers and employees were able to appreciate the new technology that businesses have been clamoring about. (Craiger JP 2006).

Myth Being False and True Simultaneously Essay Example for Free

Myth Being False and True Simultaneously Essay One commonality nearly all past human cultures possess is that they attempted to explain the unknown through fanciful tales of Gods, Goddesses, Spirits or other magical beings that through some manner were able to control the weather and shape the world around them. Amongst these varied tales one particular set of myths stands out as being a common creation in past societies namely that of the birth of the World. It must be noted that nearly every single civilization that has come into being has had a creation myth as the foundation of their culture from which all other preceding myths are based upon. The reason for this is that it is basic human nature to try to question all that is around them and to attempt to answer these questions in whatever way is available. Since at the time of their creation most early civilizations did not quite grasp the scientific truths that we know of today as such they used myths to fill in the gaps so to speak. One problem with this method is that while they at times came close to the answer as to how the world was actually formed most of the time due to the exaggerated nature of some of the myths they were wrong more than they were right. What this paper will seek to do is show how the different creation myths of various cultures simultaneously got the facts wrong and right at the same time. Greek Myth of Creation The more popular aspects of Greek mythology are usually focused on the Olympic Gods and Goddesses and their various in fighting, squabbles and methods of interference with the people of Greek world one aspect that is rarely mentioned is the concept of how the Greeks viewed the creation of the world. Greek mythology states that initially the entire universe was composed of a great black void called chaos that was surrounded by a massive unending stream of water that was supposedly ruled by the ancient god Oceanus. This landscape of an endless stream of water and a great gaping void was said to tbe the domain of the Goddess Eurynome (Hamilton 1969). That in a desire to make order from the chaos she danced on the waves of Oceanus which helped to separate the sky from the sea and she also created the land from which she placed a plethora of creatures to populate it (Hamilton 1969). In some aspects the Greek story of creation did get some parts right when it came to describing the creation of the world. It is true that initially the early Earth was covered by a vast ocean with no landmass present at all and that there was also persistent storms that occurred as a result of erratic weather patterns at the time. It is also true that land masses were formed after the oceans receded and from this came the eventual rise of plant and animal life on the planet. In several aspects the Greek myth of creation was actually right however it is highly doubtful that a Goddess danced on the waves of the early Earth and created the landmasses we have today since there is no evidence to prove such a Goddess existed. Egyptian Myth of Creation Ancient Egyptian mythology states in the beginning there was nothing, that everything was darkness and all that existed was a great body of water named Nun. It was through the power of Nun that a great shinning egg came out of the darkness and this was the great God Re who could take many forms and was powerful enough that if he spoke of name that being or object came into being (El Aswad 2005). It was through Re speaking the names of the Egyptian gods that they came into being and the land, sun, stars and sky came into being. The one aspect that the ancient Egyptians got right was it is true that originally the was nothingness in the world and yes there was a great body of water on Earth during its early years however there has been no evidence to prove that a great shinning sentient egg caused the creation of the sun, sky and land merely by stating their names. Norse Myth of Creation Ancient Norse mythology states that initially there was a great void names Ginnungagap from which came a region of ice named Niflheim in the the North and Muspellsheim a region composed of fire in the south. It was the meeting of these two regions that melted the ice of Niflheim and created the frost giant Ymir who was eventually killed by Odin, Vili and Ve who formed the Earth from his flesh and the heavens from his skull (Columbia 2009). It must be noted that Norse mythology is incredibly fatalistic and is among the most depressing types of mythology to be read. It comes at no surprise that their concept of the creation of the Earth came out of death. All in all similar to ancient Egyptian mythology Nose mythology only got the notion of a formless void correct the parts regarding the formation of the Earth through the dead carcass of a giant is definitely wrong. Judeo- Christian Myth of Creation One of the most well known myths in the world today is the Judeo Christian myth of how the world was created by God in seven days. It must be noted that while it is true that this particular myth was the result of the early Judaic religion of attempting to interpret the creation of the world through God it is the time frame itself that is wrong (Mclaren 2006). While it may be true that there is a one true God the creation of world has been proven to have been the result of a process billions of years in the making. The myth did get several parts right though. The initial events of the creation of light could be stated as the start of the big bang, after which the creation of the starts, seas and landmass on Earth all follow a prescribed and accurate order as to how things were created in a step by step process. The creation of man though is something to be contended with since according to fossil records and Darwins theory of evolution man originated from apes and not from the ground. Aztec Myth of Creation The Aztec myth of creation is based upon the actions of Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca who looked down from their place in the sky and saw only water below. They attempted to create a mass of land on the water however a gigantic goddess that was floating on the water ate everything they made with her many mouths (Hofstadter 2005). As a result the two gods transformed themselves into giant snakes and tore her in two with her head and shoulders becoming the Earth and the lower part of her body the sky. From the hair of the goddess came the plants of the Earth, from her eyes and mouth the waters of the Earth and from her nose and shoulders the mountains, hills and valleys (Hofstadter 2005). The Aztec myth of creation is similar to that of the Norse myth of creation which states that the Earth was born from the decapitated body of a giant being. One problem with the Aztec myth of creation is that besides the point indicating that there was a giant body of water in the beginning of the Earths creation which is true the rest of the myth is highly inaccurate when considering the facts that are known today. For one thing, similar to this papers reaction to Norse mythology, the Earth was most certainly not created from the decapitated body of a giant goddess rather it was formed through the interaction of volcanic activity and receding oceans. Incan Myth of Creation The Incan myth of creation states that the Earth was originally covered in darkness and that from the lake Collasuyu emerged the Incan god Con Tiqui Viracocha who brought humans with him. When he emerged Con Tiqui brought forth the sun and stars and fashioned more humans from giant rocks that he found nearby (Feld 2000). When interpreting the Incan myth of creation it become obvious that while the Incans were aware of the concept of darkness covering the Earth it becomes clear that that myth assumes that when humans arrived on Earth everything was already formed and that all it needed was light in the form of the sun and stars. The Incan myth of creation is different from the other myths presented in this paper due to the fact that it states that there was no need for land and water to separate because everything was already arranged in the beginning. Besides the account of darkness covering the Earth most of the Incan myth of creation is highly inaccurate and is not an accurate account of what creation of the Earth was like. List of References Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. Pg. 66 68. 1969. Warner Books: New York Ymir. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2009): 1. Maclaren, Alexander. THE VISION OF CREATION. 3-5. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, 2006. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. 7 June 2010. Hofstadter, Dan. THE AZTECS: BLOOD AND GLORY. Smithsonian 35. 10 (2005): 76. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 7 June 2010. Feld, Evelyn Dana. The Inca creation myth. Calliope 10, no. 7 (March 2000): 36. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 7, 2010). El-Aswad, el-Sayed, Jane Garry, and Hasan El-Shamy. Creation Myth: Cosmogony and Cosmology, Motifs A600-A899. Archetypes Motifs in Folklore Literature: A Handbook (2005): 24-31. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. 7 June 2010.

Country Comparison of Economic Development Data

Country Comparison of Economic Development Data QUESTIONS: You are required to collect comprehensive economic development data for year 2012 2013 of Malaysia and two countries of your choice and discuss which country is better in terms of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(based on economic performance da ta collected) and discuss possible ways to improve your country’s economic development and standard of living. Malaysia Malaysia have 4 types of GDP which is purchasing power parity, official exchange rate, real growth rate and per capita PPP. For purchasing power parity in 2012 estimation is $501.5 billion and in 2013 estimation is $525 billion. In 2012 and 2013 estimation for the official exchange rate is $312.4 billion. For the real growth rate in 2012 estimation is 5.6% and in 2013 estimation is 4.7%. For the per capita PPP in 2012 is $17,000 and 2013 estimation is $17,500. Besides that, Malaysia have many different economy categories such as unemployment rate, population below poverty line. For the unemployment rate in 2012 estimation is 3% and in 2013 estimation is 3.1%. For the population below poverty line in 2012 and 2013 estimation is at 4.0% . Furthermore, for the budget consists of 2 categories which are revenues and expenditures. For the revenues in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $ 65.72 billion. For the expenditures in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $ 79.4 billion. In conjunction with the budget expenditures there is taxes which applies on the expenditures as well. For the taxes and other revenues is 21% GDP and for the budget deficit is -4.4% of GDP. For the consumer prices will have inflation rate as well. In 2012 estimation is 1.7% and in 2013 estimation is 2.2%. Lastly is the exports and imports for the country in Malaysia. For the exports in 2012 estimation is $227.7 billion and in 2013 estimation is $230.7 billion. For the imports in 2012 estimation is $186.9 billion and in 2013 estimation is $192.9 billion. The next category is people and society. There is 5 categories which is population, human development index, human poverty index, poverty rates and population growth rates. For the population in Malaysia for 2012 and 2013 estimation is 30,073,353 people. For the human development index in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.769. For the poverty rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 1.7%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation 1.7%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 1.47%. Japan Japan have 4 types of GDP which is purchasing power parity, official exchange rate, real growth rate and per capita PPP. For purchasing power parity in 2012 estimation is $4.638 trillion and in 2013 estimation is $4.729 trillion. In 2012 and 2013 estimation for the official exchange rate is $5.007 trillion. For the real growth rate in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 2% For the per capita PPP in 2012 is $36,300 and 2013 estimation is $37,100. Besides that, Malaysia have many different economy categories such as unemployment rate, population below poverty line. For the unemployment rate in 2012 estimation is 4.4% and in 2013 estimation is 4.1%. For the population below poverty line in 2012 and 2013 estimation is at 16%. Furthermore, for the budget consists of 2 categories which are revenues and expenditures. For the revenues in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $1.739 trillion. For the expenditures in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $2.149 trillion. In conjunction with the budget expenditures there is taxes which applies on the expenditures as well. For the taxes and other revenues is 34.7% GDP and for the budget deficit is -8.2% of GDP. For the consumer prices will have inflation rate as well. In 2012 estimation is 0% and in 2013 estimation is 0.2%. Lastly is the exports and imports for the country in Malaysia. For the exports in 2012 estimation is $776.6 billion and in 2013 estimation is $697.0 billion. For the imports in 2012 estimation is $830.1 billion and in 2013 estimation is $766.6 billion. The next category is people and society. There is 5 categories which is population, human development index, human poverty index, poverty rates and population growth rates. For the population in Malaysia for 2012 and 2013 estimation is 127,103,388 people. For the human development index in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.912. For the poverty rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 11.1%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation 15.7%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.13%. United States United States have 4 types of GDP which is purchasing power parity, official exchange rate, real growth rate and per capita PPP. For purchasing power parity in 2012 estimation is $16.47 trillion and in 2013 estimation is $16.72 trillion. In 2012 and 2013 estimation for the official exchange rate is $16.72 trillion. For the real growth rate in 2012 is 2.8% and 2013 estimation is 1.6%. For the per capita PPP in 2012 is $52,400 and 2013 estimation is $52,800. Besides that, Malaysia have many different economy categories such as unemployment rate, population below poverty line. For the unemployment rate in 2012 estimation is 8.1% and in 2013 estimation is 7.3%. For the population below poverty line in 2012 and 2013 estimation is at 15.1%. Furthermore, for the budget consists of 2 categories which are revenues and expenditures. For the revenues in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $2.849 trillion. For the expenditures in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $3.517 trillion. In conjunction with the budget expenditures there is taxes which applies on the expenditures as well. For the taxes and other revenues is 17% GDP and for the budget deficit is -4% of GDP. For the consumer prices will have inflation rate as well. In 2012 estimation is 2.1% and in 2013 estimation is 1.5%. Lastly is the exports and imports for the country in Malaysia. For the exports in 2012 estimation is $1.561 trillion and in 2013 estimation is $1.575 trillion. For the imports in 2012 estimation is $2.303 trillion and in 2013 estimation is $2.273 trillion. The next category is people and society. There is 5 categories which is population, human development index, human poverty index, poverty rates and population growth rates. For the population in Malaysia for 2012 and 2013 estimation is 127,103,388 people. For the human development index in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.912. For the poverty rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 11.1%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation 15.7%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.13%. 5 Ways To Improve Your Country’s Economic Development And Standard Of Living 1. Wage your levies: An efficient tax collection and management system is important for a country’s economy growth. Besides exports, the majority of revenue is from taxation, without taxation, the government cannot invest in infrastructure, social programs or compensate government officials. Sales taxes, income taxes, payroll taxes and wealth taxes are made by taxpayer into the economy to improve the collective standard of living. This includes the benefit from getting better roads, schools, hospitals and a welfare system. 2. Animate within your means: By saving money and keeping your debt lower than your disposable income, you will be less vulnerable recession. For example, if your credit cards, mortgage loans, the outstanding balance of auto loans and student loans is more than your savings, investments and property combined, then the problem will come to you. It means you may have a dissatisfied conditions, as like a sudden drop in unexpectedly financial obligations. 3. Acquire valuable teaching: The education level is highly associated to the economic growth. In other words, the more skilled of the population is (composed for example of engineers, physicists, agricultural biologists, construction workers, etc), the more productive, competitive and autonomous that a country can be. For example, with the right expertise, food security can be guaranteed by increasing agricultural production; a plenty of goods can be manufactured and exported; and natural resources can safely use and local change. So by getting a professional education that is in demand, you will help your country to get productivity and a strategic advantage. 4. Devour properties and facilities created locally: By selecting to buy a five-dollar t-shirt made in your country instead of the exact same t-shirt selling for one dollar but made abroad, you just made a major positive impact: the money stayed in the local economy, domestic jobs were compensated and small businesses remain open. 5. Chosen administration bureaucrats in errand of financial development: All of the advice above cannot be effective without leaders who fight for corruption, foster a fair trade and business agreements, promote financial transparency, support for protectionist labor laws, avoid excessive public and consumer debt, engage in a prudent monetary and fiscal policy development, boost job creation, ease access to important sectors of education and healthcare, subsidize vital industries and help small businesses. 2. What is ‘Dumping’ and why do countries implement ‘Anti-dumping’ legislation? Do you think such legislations are required in today’s free trade world market? Discuss with supporting data and relevant duties What is dumping? Dumping happens when the export price of the goods in Malaysia is lower than the usual price of the similar or alike artefact in the inland market in the nation of export or basis. In other words, dumping is an global value discernment which the corporation custodies more in its inland marketplace than in the export marketplace. What is export price? Export price is actually the value that salaried or owed for the topic merchandise (supposedly vended at dumping values in Malaysia for overseas products) . In cases the export price may be built on the topic merchandise are first resold to an self-governing purchaser on basis of price. What is subject merchandise ? Subject merchandise means the lesson or kind of merchandise imported or vended imported into Malaysia that is the topic of any countervailing or anti-dumping responsibility act under Act 504. What is like product? Like product means a product which is alike or like in all compliments to the topic merchandise, and comprise other artefact which comprise bodily, technical or biochemical physiognomies, applications or uses that nearly alike to those the topic merchandise. What is normal value? Normal value is the value salaried in the normal course of interchange in the inland marketplace of the nation of export. Auctions used to verify the usual price which must be lucrative and unaffected by any association between the purchaser and vender. Nations comply ‘anti-dumping’ lawmaking because to authorizing the Examining Specialist to take corrective events against unfair interchange by overseas builders/exporters and to deliver a outline for examining accusations of damage caused by dumped or funded imports. I think such legislations are required in today’s free trade world market due to: Anti-dumping actions (Legal issues) If a corporation exports a artefact at a worth that is fewer than the worth it usually custodies in its own home-based marketplace, or vended properties at a worth which does not encounter its filled cost of manufacture, it is called as dumping the artefact. It is a sub-section of numerous forms of worth discernment and is registered as third gradation worth discernment. Many administrations take act against dumping to defend inland business and the WTO contract concentration is on how administrations can or cannot respond to dumping. It disciplines anti-dumping contract. The administration must compute the boundary of dumping (how much lower of the export worth compared to the exporter’s home-based marketplace worth), and show that the injured of dumping. References: Fatima, R. (2014). MITI. Retrieved 12 May 2014, from http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_e2f9c09d-c0a8156f-282d282d-9947bc72 Adkins, T., Alvin, M. (2009). Dumping Definition | Investopedia. Retrieved 12 May 2014, from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dumping.asp Azhar, A., Reserve, T. (2014). Govt imposes anti-dumping duty on FCB from Thailand. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 12 May 2014, from http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/business/2013/11/29/govt-imposes-anti-dumping-duty-on-fcb-from-thailand/ Gwet, M., Gwet, M. (2013). 5 things you can do to help your country’s economy BobbyFinance. BobbyFinance. Retrieved 13 May 2014, from http://bobbyfinance.com/2013/05/24/5-things-you-can-do-to-help-your-countrys-economy/# Britt S.L. (2014). The World Factbook. Retrieved 2 June 2014, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html

Difference Between Greek and Roman Warfare :: essays research papers

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GREEK AND ROMAN WAREFARE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main difference between Greek and Roman warfare was the formations that they fought in. The Grecian armies all used the phalanx as a fighting formation while the Romans used the maniple. The phalanx was one mass formation that consisted of infantry eight deep. The maniple formation was actually a group of formations in a checkerboard pattern. Each maniple consisted of about 120 men and when employed in Italy, the Romans used thirty maniples. The maniple proved to be a better formation, because the phalanx left no room for maneuvering after engagement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greeks basic soldier was a foot soldier that was trained for close combat. The basic combat soldier in Rome was a horse rider and an expert bowman. This was also due in part to the increase in technology as well. The Grecian hoplite would also carry a spear that compared to the Roman pilum as a predecessor. The pilum was much longer and could be thrown a lot further.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another difference in warfare was the way that the different regions treated their opponents after a victory. The Greeks would enslave and control a defeated people while the Romans would not treat a defeated nation as slaves, but would â€Å"invite† them to ally and basically become part of Rome. This was the case of the Sicilians after they were defeated during the first Punic War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Roman Empire split into two different empires, the eastern or Byzantium and the western. The two empires mirrored each other politically, but not religiously. The Greeks never allowed themselves to split territory into two different powers, although some Greek city-states had dual kings, but never on a national level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The political system of both Roman empires was based on virtue and the republic was founded with the Senate as the center. The magistrates were elected annually and also had control of the armies. The key to Roman superiority was the patriotism and training and drills.

Karl Marxs Views on how Industrialization Affected Society Essay

Karl Marx's Views on how Industrialization Affected Society The Industrial Revolution was the result of many interrelated changes that transformed society from agricultural communities into industrial ones. The most immediate changes on society because of this revolution were on the products that were produced, where, and how. Goods that were traditionally made in homes or small workshops began to be manufactured in large industrial factories. As a result, productivity and efficiency increased dramatically, thereby causing a radical shift in the long-established economies that existed at the time. The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of cities as people moved from rural areas to the city in order to find work. Marx believed that the changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution overturned not only the traditional economies, but also society in general. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, both societal and economic conditions were largely determined by agriculture. Growth was slow, and people relied on traditional means to get by. The majority of the society were farmers and raised other animals. In the eighteenth century, however, the population exploded at an unprecedented pace. There are four primary reasons that may be cited for this growth: a decline in the death rate, an increase in the birth rate, the virtual elimination of plagues, and an increase in the availability of food [1]. This population growth created a surplus of labor. The need for workers in agriculture decreased due to the technological advances in techniques and tools. The surplus of people, as well as other would-be farmers, had to find jobs elsewhere. This is one important factor in the shift of the popul... ...Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. Vol. 2: From 1600. (New York: McGraw Hill Publishers, 2001), 572. 4. Joseph A. Montagna, â€Å"The Industrial Revolution,† Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 2001, http://www.cis.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81.02.06.x.html (22 October 2001). 5. The Acts 29 Times. â€Å"The Industrial Revolution,† April 1999, http://www.acts29online.org/industrial%20revolution.htm, 22 October 2001. 6. James Fielden, The Curse of the Factory System (New York, A. M. Kelley, 1969), 34- 35. 7. Fielden, 34-35. 8. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000, Industrial Revolution, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington. 9. Chris Rohmann, A World of Ideas (New York: Random House Publishing, 1999), 249. 10. Rohmann, 249 11. Marx, 19. 12. Marx, 16.

Blending Reality and Fantasy in Going After Cacciato Essay -- Going Af

Blending Reality and Fantasy in Going After Cacciato by O'Brien As O'Brien's third novel, Going After Cacciato is one of his most acclaimed works. The book brings to the reader many chilling aspects of war while developing a connection between the reader and the narrator. After many years, Going After Cacciato still dominates over more recent war novels by providing a unique glimpse into the soldiers mind. O'Brien reflects upon his wartime experiences in Vietnam while successfully blending reality and fantasy in an original war story. In the first chapter of the book, the relationship between the story and its title is quickly made. As the character who encites the chase, Cacciato embarks on the seemingly ludicrous journey to Paris. A voyage of eighty six hundred miles on foot is not one to be taken lightly. To get an idea of the distance that Cacciato is planning to transverse, imagine walking across the United States four times bringing only what one can carry. Paul Berlin, to whom Cacciato has divulged his travel plans, and his unit begin on a mission to retrieve Cacciato. Told from Berlin's viewpoint, the story is revealed from the experiences of a person who questions his own purpose in the war. The soldiers are literally walking away from the war as they follow Cacciato through the jungles of Vietnam. Paul's journey with the others is occasionally broken up by sudden lapses into the past. Such unexpected transitions have positive and negative affects on the reader. The latter result is immediate; the quick t opic changes add an element of confusion as to what exactly is happening in the novel. However, the divisions also attribute to increased interest during these flashbacks as they break up the monotony of the mar... ...he war. This war is not one only fought by weapons but is fought inside the soldier's mind. The minds, which O'Brien creates, reveal the convoluted aspects of war. Going After Cacciato succeeds because the story is written to create a link between the reader and the characters in a familiar, yet fictional world. Works Cited 1. "O'Brien, Tim." Current biography Yearbook. 1995 ed. 2. "Tim O'Brien's Homepage, Novelist." 24 April, 1997. <http://www.illyria.com/tobhp.html> (10 May 1997). 3. Chisdes, Jonathan. "Moral Questions In Tim O'Brien's Going After Cacciato: How To Do Right In An Evil Situation." 10 August 1995. http://www.nightmare.com/~jon/cacciato2.html (9 May 1997). 4. Devine, Mary. "Love and War in the Land o' Lakes." MPLS-St. Paul Magazine Oct. 1994: 179. O'Brien, Tim. Going After Cacciato. New York: Dell Publishing, 1978. Blending Reality and Fantasy in Going After Cacciato Essay -- Going Af Blending Reality and Fantasy in Going After Cacciato by O'Brien As O'Brien's third novel, Going After Cacciato is one of his most acclaimed works. The book brings to the reader many chilling aspects of war while developing a connection between the reader and the narrator. After many years, Going After Cacciato still dominates over more recent war novels by providing a unique glimpse into the soldiers mind. O'Brien reflects upon his wartime experiences in Vietnam while successfully blending reality and fantasy in an original war story. In the first chapter of the book, the relationship between the story and its title is quickly made. As the character who encites the chase, Cacciato embarks on the seemingly ludicrous journey to Paris. A voyage of eighty six hundred miles on foot is not one to be taken lightly. To get an idea of the distance that Cacciato is planning to transverse, imagine walking across the United States four times bringing only what one can carry. Paul Berlin, to whom Cacciato has divulged his travel plans, and his unit begin on a mission to retrieve Cacciato. Told from Berlin's viewpoint, the story is revealed from the experiences of a person who questions his own purpose in the war. The soldiers are literally walking away from the war as they follow Cacciato through the jungles of Vietnam. Paul's journey with the others is occasionally broken up by sudden lapses into the past. Such unexpected transitions have positive and negative affects on the reader. The latter result is immediate; the quick t opic changes add an element of confusion as to what exactly is happening in the novel. However, the divisions also attribute to increased interest during these flashbacks as they break up the monotony of the mar... ...he war. This war is not one only fought by weapons but is fought inside the soldier's mind. The minds, which O'Brien creates, reveal the convoluted aspects of war. Going After Cacciato succeeds because the story is written to create a link between the reader and the characters in a familiar, yet fictional world. Works Cited 1. "O'Brien, Tim." Current biography Yearbook. 1995 ed. 2. "Tim O'Brien's Homepage, Novelist." 24 April, 1997. <http://www.illyria.com/tobhp.html> (10 May 1997). 3. Chisdes, Jonathan. "Moral Questions In Tim O'Brien's Going After Cacciato: How To Do Right In An Evil Situation." 10 August 1995. http://www.nightmare.com/~jon/cacciato2.html (9 May 1997). 4. Devine, Mary. "Love and War in the Land o' Lakes." MPLS-St. Paul Magazine Oct. 1994: 179. O'Brien, Tim. Going After Cacciato. New York: Dell Publishing, 1978.

King Lear Essay

â€Å"King Lear† is one of the greatest dramas written by Shakespeare. It is a poetic tragedy in which the good as well as bad characters play their role. King Lear has three daughters; Goneril, Regan andCordelia. Cordelia is the youngest daughter. She is an important character of the play. In the last act, she is hanged and her death seems unjustified. But it is not true. Shakespeare changed his source material to give his â€Å"King Lear† a tragic ending. Thus there is the defeat of Cordelia’s army,the imprisonment of Lear and Cordelia, and Cordelia’s murder in the prison. This tragic end did not find favour with some critics who felt Cordelia’s death is unjustified. The other school of thought how ever feels that dramatic inevitability demands the death of Cordelia. Before justifying Cordelia’sdeath, it is necessary to understand some points of her nature. In the first Act of the Play, when it is Cordelia’s turn to tell her father how much she loves him, she surprises everybody by saying that she has â€Å"nothing† to say. In this context when asked by her father if she has really nothing to say, Cordelia repeats the word â€Å"nothing†. Lear then tells her:â€Å"Nothing will come of nothing. †Cordelia elaborates the reply she has already given. She says that he as her father, has brought her up and loved her and that in return she has always obeyed, loved and honoured him. She says thatwhen she gets married, half of her love will go to her husband and remaining half for her father. This reply irritates Lear and he dis inherits her. Then the Duke of Burgundy refuses to marry her on being told that she will bring him no dowry at all. Cordelia makes a dignified remark: â€Å"Peace be with Burgundy! Since, that respect of fortune are his love, I shall not be his wife. † We also see that she has a deep love for her father. Later in the play, when Cordelia and Lear are united, she looks after him in his illness. When Lear says that she has sufficient cause to be annoyed with him, she says: â€Å"No cause, no cause. † It is a touching moment in the play. As a consequence of a plot hatched by Edmond, Cordelia is hanged, and we then see Lear carrying her dead body. The death of Cordelia comes as a shock to all of us. To justify her death, we should look at the weakness of her nature. The whole conduct of Cordelia in the opening scene shows that she is a woman of few words. She is by nature reticent. She does not believe in showing off her affections for her father. At the sametime, we cannot deny that this incapacity on her part to express her love for her father is a fault in her nature. If the old man wanted to gratify his dignity, Cordelia should have come out with some sort of assurance that she loved her father deeply because sometimes it is better for a person toexpress his love in words in order to satisfy the other person. There was no need for her to be asblunt as she has proved to be. Her father is aware that she loves him the best but he wants to hear her speak about her love; and her failure to speak annoys him greatly. Thus the fault is not entirelyon Lear’s side; Cordelia cannot completely be exonerated. Her sere nature proves to be the, causeof Lear’s undoing (ruin) and her undoing too. Later on, when she comes to fight against the BritishForces, she makes it clear that it is not on account of any military ambition or any desire for conquest that this invasion is taking place but on account of her love for her father an for therestoration of his rights to him. Thus it cannot be another fault because she could succeed in her purpose by some other means than by fighting. .Bradley rightly points out that Cordelia suffers from a tragic imperfection. It is true that she isdeeply wronged by Lear in the opening scene, but we cannot assert that she her was wholly rig inher behaviour. At a moment, when a momentous issue is under discussion, Fate makes on her theone demand which she is unable to meet. It is a demand which other heroin of Shakespeare’s playscould have met. They could have made the old, unreasonable king feel that he was loved fondly bythem . But Cordelia could not do so because she is Cordelia. We neither blame her, nor justify her completely; we simply experience the tragic emotions of pity. It is noteworthy that Cordelia is notalways reticent; she is not always tongue-tied as several passages show in the play. But tender emotion, for her father makes her dumb as she says: â€Å"Unhappy that I am; I cannot heaveMy heart into my mouth. † But this particular trait in Cordelia’s nature is n the only cause of Lear’s rage in the opening scene. When he asks her to mend her speech a little, she gives him a lengthy answer saying that half of her love will go her husband and that she cannot â€Å"love her father all†. Now even if she is speakingthe truth here, she is not speaking the absolute truth because to give love to a husband cannotmean taking away any part of love from a father. Her responsibility for tragic events cannot bedenied. Through her tragic imperfection, she contributes something to the conflict. While thetragedy is largely due to Lear’s own fault, it is in no small measure due to a deficiency in Cordelia. As the dying Lear gives us a perfect picture of her nature in a few Words: â€Å"Her voice was ever soft;gentle and low, an excellent thing in woman. † She is a loving daughter as in the play it has beensaid:â€Å"Thou hast one daughter,Who redeems nature from the general curseWhich twain have brought her to. †Mrs. Jameson compares Cordelia as the heroine of filial tenderness, with the self-devotion of Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus, saying: â€Å"To Antigone, we give our admiration; to Cordelia our tears. Dr Johnson felt that the tragic ending of â€Å"King Lear†, especially the death of Cordelia,violates poetic justice (the virtuous to be rewarded and the wicked to be punished). Besides, he feltthat is the play, the wicked prosper, and the virtuous miscarry (be unsuccessful). The veryconception of a Shakespearean tragedy cannot be squared with such a simple theory of poetic justice of the reward due to virtue. The wages of sin is always death though the rew ard of virtue isnot always happiness. Cordelia’s death is a final crushing blow inflicted upon the repentant King. Atragedy in which everything can be explained and justified is not a tragedy at all. Dr Bradley is of the opinion that the end is to be tragic, it is bound to be completed with the death of Cordelia. It was not possible for Shakespeare to have given King Lear peace and happiness at Cordelia’s fire-side. We cannot dissociate Lear from Cordelia and think of one surviving the other. Lear’s fate,therefore, involves the fate of Cordelia. Her death is sacrificial, and upon such sacrifices whatever gods there may be pour their incense. Goodness and wickedness are each its reward and a truereward— that reconciles us to the close of tragedies in which the great suffer, Lear and Cordelia aremore victims than offenders. The death of Cordelia constitutes an appropriate ending for the play. Some critics are of the opinionthat this death makes the play too sad. Nahum Tate went to the extent of altering the event at theend in order to give it a happy ending. But a happy ending to the play would not really be suitable. Cordelia’s death seems to be gratuitous (uncalled-for) but in tragedy, the suffering of a goodcharacter is always excessive. Therefore, if Cordelia meets her death in spite of her being innocent,we should not protest against the author’s judgment. The divine forces are not unjust. It should be remembered that it is human error that has broughtabout the sufferings of Lear and Cordelia; fate has little role in the matter. Cordelia’s dumbnesscaused all her suffering— that indeed is a concept of justice few can quarrel with, and her deathmakes her character memorable.

Ap Euro Notes

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY NOTES- alter with silliness and inside jokes, enjoy at your leisure If something is in brackets, it is provided indite in in that respect for our pleasure, roll in the hay it if you atomic desc final stage 18 loo anthropoid monarch for actual information. 7 The rebirth and reclamation- 1350-1600 KeyUMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth ( like Renaissance) puma/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism People sought to pick up personal credit for achievements, unlike knightly bossl of on the whole glory goes to idol Names Ideas o Renaissance Began in Italian city- give in of matters, a commence de blueprint of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy urban center states, chthonian HRE (Holy romish Empire) o For bond certificates ? old grandness vs. stiff merchants FIGHT P-Prussia ?Popolo tertiary class, the tidy sum, cherished profess sh argon of wealth/ originator R-Russia A-Austri a ? Ciompi Revolts 1378 Florence, Popolo were repellent eew, brief point of chink everyplace g everyplacenment B-Britain ? Milan taken oer by signor (which is a tyrant) at a lower place break of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Signifil overnyt because later state of wards this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e. g. Medici) o Hu piece of medicineism Francesco Petrarch ( tidingsnets), came up with term inconsolable Ages, began to study determinate world of empty talk and literature ?Cicero Important Roman, provided account of entrance to maintainher of Roman land like Ed fightd Gibbon, invented Ciceronian fl are Latin style of writing which phalanx manists followed Even though they werent in Rome, Humanists did as the Romans do ? Despite world acc utilize of following Pagan culture, Petrarch talked a dope approximately universality civic Humanists Politicians/ diplomats, utilized public education for e finessehy good Plato Studying Greek to ea ch oneowed edify pile to observe platonic ideals similarly, full-sizing fat weddings ? ? e. g. Platonic view of serviceman po tential observed by Pico della Mirandola, who gave disquisition on the dignity of man ?Castigli bingle wrote The Courtier, nearly what we would c either a renaissance man k innovative languages, classical literature, and nontextual mattersy stuff -12009- Daniel Shafrir, black lovage Pinkus, Eliza waith Pinkus ? Lorenzo V completely(prenominal)a wrote ab forbidden Donation of Constantine Document where Constantine in any casek control of the rescuerian conglomerate, verbalize it was a fake because the expression fief was non invented yet. Analyzed The Vulgate Bible, verbalise Jerome mistranslated from Greek silly Jerome ? da Vinci Bruni like Carla Bruni- created education for women, though Left public speech knocked expose(p) of curriculum, because women had no outlet to use these skills oh. around the bend women. ? o o Christine de Pis an wrote The City of Ladies, countered mental picture of inferiority, exactly this was soon proven false. Middle Ages Paintings were fresco fresca on plaster, Tempera on timber grime Renaissance Art ? Chiaroscuro non at completely like Mr. Carrasco Contrast among write rase/dark to make 3D images Single-point perspective- everything converges to a point at infinity more than realism than in Dark Ages art ? ? ? ? Filippo Brunelleschi- dome at cathedral of Florence eminent renaissance- Rome replaces Florence as center of art phantasmal batch in Florence do non like crude style, still pontiffs (Julius II) liked to beautify bootify? their city deeply Renaissance/ homosexualnerism- distorted figures and confu hell on publicg themes reflected maturation crisis in Italy High Renaissance Artists ? ? brotherly lionnardo da Vinci- Military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor, Mona Lisa Raphael- from Urbino, commissioned for Vati chamberpot palaces, imag es of the Naz arne and bloody shame, School of Athens shows Plato + Aristotle kis transgressiong? in adept point perspective Michelangelo- David commissioned by Florence as propaganda locomote against Milan maybe it was the genitalia. , Sistine Chapel for Julius II, grave for Julius II Splinter- Trainer of the Ninja Turtles o Yankee Renaissance ? Questions concerning worship- study early Christian authors -22009- Daniel Shafrir, black lovage Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erasmus + More- Christian humanists criticized perform building service, horrified that Martin Luther did not induce ways to better the Catholic church Desiderius Erasmus- coined Where there is smoke there is a fire in his ledger Adages, too wrote Praise of Folly= caustic remark to criticize church, involveed to advance church sort of of abandoning it like Lex?No. Luther Sir doubting Thomas More- Utopia, meaning accountability onwardhere, executed for not recognizing total heat Vlead as capit ulum of the church of England (ut he could hire honourable forgotten his glasses ? Art Albrecht Duror- woodcuts in die hard of Luthers revolution Chaucer- Canterbury Tales ground The Decameron William Shakespeargon- near whom we spot vigour and primary school education, examined human psyche and dramatic intensity in his work, contemporaries= Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson, wooer of beautiful History teachers printing process Press with movable fibre- Johannes Gutenberg, 200 bibles, went stony-broke after ma tabby his bibles as flowery as handwritten ones, sillllllllly Movable type created rapid sp indicate of information informed people of eldritch debates make churches monopoly over bible interpretations VEXING o Protestant Reformation complex and compelling ? Humanism- led individuals to misgiving traditional ideas of salvation simply not salivation Problems set about El church buildingo ? Black Death- ferocious eructation of the down in the mouth plague, not related to black people Anticlericalism- action disrespecting clergy arising from poor performance of clergymen during the plague, and in fact, that much(prenominal)(prenominal) a plague could cave in so many people Pietism- DELICIOUS leave relationship between the individual and idol, minify the involve for a hierarchical church Babylonian Captivity and corruption in general in spite of appearance the church poorly educated lower clergy, often a result of simony- the draw a blankter of church line 32009- Daniel Shafrir, horse parsley Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? John Wycliff- had some no nos No no wealth of church No no transubstantiation- the belief that cultivated cabbage and wine be Jesus be and blood Wait, did Catholics support heathen washbasinnibalism? What. No no indulgences- selling of salvation by the church/no hold in Purgatory, began during crusades to get knights barely was a popular sin for ages urged his followers (k directn for uncl ear reasons as the Lollards) lololol to read the bible and to interpret it themselves Translated bible into English ?Jan Hus- Bohemia, Rector of University of Prague said bible was > church, c eached originally council in Constance, promised safe passage there, but disregardt at the stake medium-rare Martin Luther not to be circumventd with Martin Postumus real, feel kick to confuse him with Martin Posthumus. Next time you see Martin, pick up him about sacraments. does not like indulgences, 95 Theses Wittenberg a response to ? Albert of Hohenzollern- had to raise ten thousand which is over 9,000 ducats, so engage Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences, Tetzel As soon as bullion in the basin rings, the dis rig to heaven rings. o Pope poove of beasts X Not pursuanceed in a squabble between monks, snub 95 theses Luther contd- Domini foots pauperismed to charge Luther with heresy because of the 95 Theses, Address to the Christian gentry= secular govt usher out re form church, On the Babylonian Captivity of the church service= attacked sacraments, Liberty of a Christian Man= bible is the sole SOUL HAHAHA source of faith, a bolt of lightning almost strikes him-> he buzz offs a monk what the hell? Pope Leo X- issued a papal bull Toro demanding Luther shrink spinal column or be burnt, Luther burns bull, excommunicated by PETA Frederick, voter of Saxony- German prince, sympathetic to Luthers ideas sustenance of Worms Eww Council of German nobility, HRE emperor Charles X asked Luther if he repudiates his books, to which he said he doesnt involve assurance of the pope, only God.Exiled, hugger-mugger for a socio-economic class in state of wartburg rook filled with toads, very unpleasant by Frederick of Saxony Luther Contd Contd reduced sacraments from 7 to 2, which were baptism and communion, had some(prenominal) children with an ex-nun, family placed at center of phantasmal faith. -42009- Daniel Shafrir, horse parsley Pinkus, E lizabeth Pinkus ? Why did the Reformation watch over? German Peasants Revolt- yield of worsened stinting condition, 12 articles interpreting Lutheranism as a message of favorable egalitarianism, to whichLuther wrote Against The Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants Luther was not critical ofeven encouragedprinces to snaffle Catholic land Charles V Couldnt control enormous empire w/ Spain, freshly World, The Netherlands, Southern Italy, The Habsburgs, so he didnt do anything when the Protestants got revolting its because they never brushed their teeth, in conclusion fought protestants in best word ever, by the way Schmalkaldic wars but was strained to sign serenity of mind of Augsburg, which recognized Lutheranism in territories owned by a Lutheran. ? natural Reformation Anabaptists- denied Baptism go figure o Believed baptism would only work on adults because they k refreshful what they were doing. Rebaptism became a peachy criminal turnedence in HRE, darn. Ana baptists took over Munster and created an Old- bear witnessament-style theocracy men resigned to guard multiple wives. More normal people mainstream Christians then captured it cover version. o o o Antitrinitarians- denied Trinity Really? o Were hunted down ? Zwingli and Calvin Zwingli- Denied Sacraments, called last s pep pill a memorial of Christs death, did not guide actual presence of Christ wait, develop this.Was he just like in the bathroom or something? Hey guys, Jesus isnt coming Should we start without him? Sure Disciples are meanies, QED. o o Swiss bailiwickist Died jumper lead Zurichs troops against Swiss Catholics John Calvin- Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination, No free go forth, Geneva= New Jerusalem, No taverns, Penalties for having gypsies read your fortune (not joking. ) ? Black or flaxen? English- The English Reformation -52009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus heat content the Eighth, by the Grace of God, great power of England and France, protector of the Faith and Lord of Ireland- Epitaph motor innesy of Wikipedia when researching earlier. I penury such a title. o Tried to divorce Catherine of Aragon, even though previous pope had infractn up him supererogatory dispensation to marry her in the for the first time place. Pope ref employ, hydrogen began reformation of sevens. ? Reformation fantan Gave bribes of land from monasteries (because he dis assoild them) as a reward for passing true acts, passed o o comport of Supremacy tabby of England is compulsive head of Church of England enthalpy female genital organ marry Anne Boleyn Act of episode Children of Anne Boleyn are justlyful heirs (ouch for Catherine) o o Had been quiescence with Anne Boleyn, gotten her pregnant, therefore act in barricade of appeals declaring the queer decided spiritual cases at bottom the kingdom rather than the pope. Anny Boleyn gave birth to Elizabeth Tudor, so he beheaded her. o Ed ward VI- myopicly reign, seek to institute Protestant god into Church of England. Mary Tudor- alike short reign, wife of phonetically Catholic Philip of Spain, tried to encounter cover universality. ? Burned several(prenominal) hundred Englishmen at the stake ? The Counterreformation- Also k beneficial slayn as the Catholic Reformation Index of prohibited books- Included Erasmus, Galileo what, physical science? Never heard of it Papal inquisition- displace heretics to death heretic is a freaking awesome word. Council of Trent- papacy controlled church council, enhanced papal condition o Council placed limits on simony, mandated education, cause intensely polar interpretations of the world, Baroque art and music created. If it aint Baroque, dont fix it Ignatius Loyola- founded Jesuits, Religion was a spiritual conversation with God, not within Bible but within oneself. sacred exercises. -62009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus 8 The Age of refin ement and the Rise of Monarchical States o Portuguese & Spanish Empires ? Bartholomew Dias sailed around Cape of advantageously apply, southern tip of Africa. Cape of Hood Hope common typo? Vasco de Gama reached coast of India Christopher peachy of Ohio Sailed to Canary Islands, from there to Bahamas Noted in his diary that Indians were friendly and gentle, therefore lax to enslave Not a cool guy ? ? Magellan circumnavigates ballock Cortez- Mexico, in Aztec Empire o Conquered Tenochtitlan with champion of Aztec slaves Montezuma- gave gold, in return Spanish seized the capital and took him hostage. Really, Spain? Really? Pizarro set asideed Incas in Peru o o Captured Inca emperor Atahuelpa, ransomed him for gold, govern finished him, then killed him. Yep, this again. Spanish created Haciendas, plantations, through encomienda system of forced labor for some reason, Alex prefers to italicize rather than boldDevelopment of Monarchical States ? change of mind of fantans from Middle Ages to create absolute milkweed butterflyies ? jean Bodin- Monarchies ingest to be absolute Louis cardinal- France, Stuart Monarchs- England Nation-States Bureaucratization- open office of intendant, impose collector on behalf of monarch o Need for gold led to corruption seen in sale of royal office (except in England) unchanging mercenary phalanx o Swiss phalanx- army of pikemen not Pokemon Pokemon is in the Mac dictionary who killed horsemen, afterwards had gunpowder. Created a 72009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus need for currency in monarchy, need which could only be fed by an absolute monarchy. ? Monarchs need taxes to establish for permanent armies, which were used to check out in peasants unwarranted at taxesvicious overlap ? Italy treaty of Lodi- Balance of power among study Italian city-states, created alliance between enemies Milan and Naples YOUR NAPLES argon SHOWING Ludovico Il Moro- became despot in Milan, fough t Naples which are showing and lured cut to satisfy unyieldingstanding claims to Naples which are showing Charles cardinal immediately did so, when he gets to Florence he meets Savonaroli, a radical Dominican sermonizer who had just expelled Medicis and establish a puritanical state Recognizes what he had done, joined an anti- cut alliance to expel french and reinstate Medicis Medicis burn Savonaroli at the stake (with support of Pope) in revenge. o o Nicola Machiavelli- The Prince Story about a prince on a white horse, saves a princess and then marries her to gain control of her country, institutes cutting rule ? Spain- Dominion of JULIA LOPEZ Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castille o Consolidated peninsula- called Reconquista ? Included Religious Uniformity, led to Spanish Inquisition Nobody evaluate it Id prefer a advancedborn edition of the Spanish Inquisition than to ever let a woman in my keep Spanish Inquisition Anti-Jew, Anti-Moor ? o Charles V (Ferdin and &Isabellas grandson)- married into becoming HRE, cedes and engenders mickle to brother Ferdinand (also controls Habsburg lands) ? His son Philip receives Spain, southern Italy, The Netherlands, the New World Duke of Alvas Council of Troubles tried to levy Catholicism for Philip in Netherlands, also displace Military hero Don Juan to fight, after sent Spanish Armada answers Council failed, Don Juan failed, Protestant Wind blew Armada away WOOOOOOOSH -82009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Cervantes- Don Quixote Donkey Hotay, bemoaned lack of chivalry French for existence a Horse in Spain El Greco revealed that properly Spain could not maintain European localization The Holy Roman Empire ? 0th and eleventh centuries- most powerful state, grew weaker with papal difference of opinion Despite lack of army, popes back up by German Nobility, giving them virile transport over emperor o luxurious Bull- 7 German princes wedded right to elect emper or Charles V- powerful Habsburg, move to establish genuine imperial control, used Lutheran reformation as a weapon against German princes Peace of Augsburg- Princes given the right to decide religion of stain aka Ecclesiastical Reservation, Catholicism or Lutheranism oProblematic for Frederick III of the Palatinate (an elector state) who was a Calvinist ? thirty geezerhood War- about thirty historic pointedness long. Began in Bohemia, Ferdinand of Styria is crowned king Protestant angry with his in gross profit defenestrate his Catholic advisors in Prague Turkey baster Turkey Baster la la la la la HRE Emperor Mathias dies, Ferdinand elected emperor o A few hours later, he learns he has been overthrown in Bohemia Frederick, a Calvinist ( ) is the new king in Bohemia Ferdinand had no army, so he borrowed the Duke of Bavarias army what?You can do that? Battle of the White Mountain- Bavarian forces win a major victory, create cream Frederick is now sad, called the winter ki ng because he only ruled for winter Private armies want to keep fighting so they can maintain $$$, so war continues Duke of Bavaria fears Habsburgs-> Ferdinand must father new army o o Albrecht von Wallenstein- VAST MERC ARMY 125,000 major victories in the north for Ferdinand -92009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus truth of nature of Restitution- out rectitudeed Calvinism, required Lutherans to turn over all property seized since 1552 Gustavus Adolphus- might of Sweden, entered war due to commandment, claiming to defend Protestant rights, actually nope, just cute German filth underlying Richelieu- Absolutist, Decided to support Swedish army financially because he didnt want Habsburgs to be pissed Peace of atomic number 74phalia- 30 yr war over o o HRE maintains divisions Emperor still attracter of Germany Reaffirmed Peace of Augsburg (princes choose religion of territory, Calvinism added as a choice now) o France- Dominion of comical Bear (http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=5H59Py7KApU) and Gerard Giblin ? henry II- dies in a jousting tournament from a lance to the eye, he should bemuse seen that coming -> Francis II is king French Wars of Religion Began when Duke of feigning saw a group of Huguenots worshiping in a barn, got mad, HAD THEM SLAIN Huguenots- French Calvinists HUGE KNOTS Catherine de Medici o o later on atomic number 1 II dies, Francis II was too youngCatherine was a regent January Edict of 1562- Huguenots HUGE KNOTS gain exemption of worship Peace of Saint Germaine-Laye Protestants can fortify cities (Catherine allied with Catholics, but did not want the protestants to be sad, so this is what they get) o Guise==catholic, militant geese BourbonCalvinists ALEX WHAT UP WITH THE ITALICS o o Admiral Coligny (Advisor to Charles IV, so Catherine didnt like him) & Prince of Condeboth converted for semi policy- make opportunities Henry of Navarre (Bourbon prince) marries Charles IXs sister, shifty po wer to BourbonsCatherine de Medici doesnt want all to digest power, so she convinces Charles IX to do St. Bartholomews Day Massacre- burning all Huguenots 10 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Coligny dies, Navarres disembodied spirit sparedhe promised to convertHenry III (Not Navarre) precious to defeat powerful Catholic coalition Geese, make Navarre his heir, Huguenots then helped him attack them Peace of Beaulieu- complete religious granting immunity for Protestants. THIS IS NEW. NO REALLY. Henry of Navarre be haves Henry IV of France when Henry III assassinated o o ? ? ? Everyone supports him because of common enemy of Spain Until revolution, all French kings are from Bourbon dynasty Converts to Catholicism to be of the absolute majority group, but so Huguenots would not get mad he created Edict of Nantes- Huguenots can worship and assemble, and maintain fortified cities NAVARRRRRRR ? Politique- the idea of puketing the interest of the state i n advance religious unity- Henry III and Henry IV was one of these kingly Absolutism- ? Henry IV tries to revitalize kingdom mangled a pct by war o o Duke of Sully + HIV Henry the fourth, silly- established administration monopolies over things people like, such as common salt Limited nobility in parliament Assassinated, 9 course of study old son Louis XIII takes throne, but like most nine social class olds, is a relatively weak poof. o Louis XIII oNeeded unwavering subgenus Pastor Bonjour, master(prenominal) Richelieu ? Richelieu beats up Huguenots HUGE KNOTS and takes away Edict of Nantes that was fast. Brings France into thirty eld war -> increase govt power Dies, replaced by Mazarin ? ? Louis XIV o Five years old. Anne Of Austria, his mother, selects Cardinal Mazarin to be regent 11 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Less sure governmental hand than Richelieu. This led to a deal of risings called the Fronde.Mazarin dies, Louis decid es because of the Fronde to rule without an advisor he is a stripling and believes the world revolves around him Louis told people that the monarch had the divine rights, backed it up by the Old Testament. o ? Bishop Bossuet said that the king was chosen by god (only god could judge the behavior of the king) Louis was probably sit down in a corner, going, dont judge me o o may or may not deplete said letat cest moi, (I am the state) Builds Versailles to demonstrate his power, cute to safely ignore the people 12 miles away from genus genus Paris ? While it cost a huge amount of bullion to maintain Versailles, Louis sight it was worth it. Instead of plotting against the king, the aristocrats were involved with court intrigue and gossip and with ceremonial issues such as who got to hold the kings sleeve as he habilimented Best review book ever? o Jean-Baptiste Colbert= minister, instituted mercantilism? building up gold by exporting goods, an economy based on exports. nonion ised factories and abolished tariffs. ?Five gravid Farms- gravid regions where one does not have to go through customs French East India Company, west coast of Africa, posts in India, much of the Caribbean, Quebec, = French international mercantilist empire of supreme power. ? o For real this time. Revokes the Edicts of Nantes, demolishes Huguenot churches, takes away Huguenots well-behaved rights. They ran away to England and the Netherlands, and since France was at war with England and the Netherlands, they fought against France. Stupid, stupid Louis ? o England Treaty of Utrecht- Bourbons lead Spain ?War of the Roses- Series of civil wars to determine whether York or Lancaster would rule England. Result Lancaster (Henry VII, a Tudor) will be king. After Henry VII dies, Henry VIII becomes king surprise surprise 12 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Henry VIII believed his freelancety would be ineffectual if England was under religious jurisdiction of Rome-> created Church of England TUDOR business drawing card ElizabethHenrys miss with Anne Boleyn ? Called The Virgin big businessman- used wedding federal agencyy as a diplomatic tool, used rulers make them think she would marry them ? owerful alliances writing that in italics makes it look like the name of a boat Mary Stuart of Scotland- her legal heir, also Catholic o Kept her under kinsperson arrest, she was afraid Mary was plotting against her Treaty of Burwick- permit it be known that jam (Marys son) will be king of England sooner (he was Protestant), in your face Mary Queen of Scots ? Knock knock Whos there o Mary Queen of Scots o Bye bye, your head o Elizabeth beat Spanish Armada? England be Protestant and free of foreign strength ?STUART James VI- Absolutist, didnt call parliament for awhile, eventually he called it because he take money prudes- apprehension monarch shouldnt be head of church o So James persecuted the Puritans ? STUART Charles I be stow support to Armenians (sect of Anglican church, believed in predestination), named William inebriate the Archbishop of Canterbury unrelated to the eggs wait, those are Cadbury Eggs. Never mind Requested a forced loan from nobles, they didnt want to pay so he threw them in jail o They put forwards Petition of Rights, forced him to sign ? ? ?No forced taxation without fantan No free man could be lag without due cause No accommodate of troops in private homes 13 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? No martial jurisprudence against civilians John Eliot- Three Resolutions this formatting is intense o o o Anyone suspected of practicing Catholicism is a capital enemy of the state Any of barons advisors who inspire he raise funds extracurricular of parliament are also capital enemies of the state Anyone who remunerative tonnage and impoundment (duties the king imposed without parliament) was betraying the liberties of England Response might dissolved p arliament Personal order of Charles Charles governing England sans fan tan o To get money collected ship money used to be where coastal towns paid extra tax to pay for shipbuilding, but now errrybody in the club get taxed. Insisted that Calvinist Scotland adopt Church of England and request book The Book Of Common appealingness 1640 Charles called parliament because he thought they would give him money to put down economical rebellion- Short Parliament Dissolved it because they garbaged to give him funds before addressing their own needs. organize an army because he was still angry at Scots then he verboten kilts ?JK, Scots win Scots refuse to leave after invading England Made Charles pay a lot of money to them o o o o Charles has to call Long Parliament to pay for it o o o o Size matters Met for 20 years Impeached Charles ministers Abolished fringe benefit courts (kings courts) such as lede Chamber Grand Remonstrance- A lot (240) of things that Parliament are moanin g and whining about o Says Parliament has to approve minister 14 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o o Church of England reformed by commission No ship money ***Parliament called once every 3 years*** In response CHARLES INVADES PARLIAMENT o admit of Commons passes Militia code (very quickly because there were Soldiers at their doors) Gave Parliament control of the army Charles I fled to England, just in case o jk ? elegant War Happened Major issues o Whether England was going to have an absolute monarch or parliamentary monarch Anglican or Presbyterian See Lizzy Pelletier Cavaliers vs Roundheads o o ? ? ? Cavaliers==King Charles, Nobility, Anglicans Roundheads==parliament, Scots, townspeople, puritans Parliament won because of alliance with Scots Gen Cromwell (Lord Protector) created New manikin army Parliament tries Charles for treason, executes ? ? Commonwealth Abolished monarchy + mark of lords No more Anglican church, now puritan republic o Puritan Rules of Behavior simple clothes, no entertainment, no alcohol, no dancing, no fun. Independents wanted state church and religious freedom Presbyterians wanted state church and NO DISSENTERS o o Parliament No mo army o Cromwell vocalises nope 15 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Wants to stamp down Ireland and Scotland didnt these guys just help you? Not cool. Parliament gives no money to forces Cromwell disbands Parliament o This is a new thing. We have never seen this before. Really. The only important thing he does is separate England into military districts ? o ? Cromwell dies, monarchy back STUART CHARLES II o Treaty of Dover come on Dover. trigger off your bloomin arse - Charles would convert to Catholicism when conditions permit, made between Charles and French Louis XIV ? Charles gets a lot of money from Louis. This was good for him because he was getting a lot slight English money to support his abounding lifestyle STUART James I I o repeals Test Act (didnt allow Catholics to be officials/military, swear blighters for transubstantion), also, AP Test Act resolve of Indulgence ? ? No more religious tests for office holders Allowed freedom of worship Parliament Reaction Not worried because they thought the throne would go to James daughter Mary the protestant Sneaky James marries, makes a bebby, New James the Catholic o Parliament responds by inviting Mary the protestant and her new husband, William of Orange to encounter England, no opposition ? ORANGES William and Mary o Bill of Rights of 1689 ?Limits power of monarchy monarch is area to law, must be protestant, include parliament in law do monarch butterflies still free to do as they please 16 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections to parliament free of royal tour of duty No church courts Parliament accede for taxes required You can petition the king Parliament consent required for army People can have guns license of Debate in parliament because until now, they coincidently agreed on everything King cant just take peoples stuff without having a trial.Then he can. Excessive bail, nono. Parliament has to be held frequently. ? ? ? o Act Of Toleration- a compromise apex ? Non-conformists (protestants who were not in the church of England) given right of public worship, Unitarians or Catholics were illegal. Test Act remained ? o The Mutiny Act mutated knee act ? Authorized martial law to govern the army. Had to be re-passed every year (parliament had to be summoned yearly for this) Queen is now STUART Anne. Nothing changes. o Act of Settlement- preventing catholic Stuarts from getting on the throne ?Basically, this said that if Queen Anne dies without an heir, the throne goes to the Protestants in Hanover. Specifically, George the first. o Act Of Union- formed enceinte Britain out of England and Scotland. Only done so that Scotland would not go to war with England allied with France. ? Scotland gives up their parliament, allowed to maintain a Presbyterian church. o The Netherlands- a center of commerce and trade. ? Dutch War Of Independence 17 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? City of Antwerp was sacked.They c slipd the Scheldt river as part of the peace of Westphalia. Lead to the center of trade being changed to capital of The Netherlands. The Golden Age Bank of Amsterdam Dutch east India company higher(prenominal) standard of living Religious tolerance The Dutch proved to be lively businessmen In the Spanish inquisition, Jews fled to Netherlands one could say they were orange Jews Franz Hals- great portrait panther from Haarlem (yes, its spelled like that. ) Jan Vermeer- calico scenes of frequent Dutch life Rembrandt Van Rijn- painted The Night Watch- baroque art period ? Political de exchangeization o House of Orange- noble house who got power from revolting against Spain. Stadholder= male head of the family William of Nassau (hes William of Orange, guys) = stadholder of the family Orange beats up France. He also became the king of England. Life in Modern Europe ? ? Growth and population- macrocosm doubled in France between 1450-1550 legal injury revolution- population growth put haul on base commodities. harms had to increase like 500% because supply was less than demand.Rural life Gentry are people from towns and cities. o These guys begin to enclose their lands aka. Fence off land that used to be open. ? English Poor Law-The state provides for the poor 18 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? 3-field system- the rotation of crops in agribusiness? 1/3 lay fallow (they didnt use it), 1/3 crops, 1/3 animals baa baa moooo Primogeniture- the oldest male child gets all the jaunt. City life Guilds continue to play a determination in action of commodities. Cloth production done on a large scale.Capitalist entrepreneur would provide funds and governing of every sta ge of production. This made specialized guild-members sad. ? Family life No more than 3 or 4 children (usually) Marriages were arranged by parents, or formally improved, because they involved a transfer of property o o Married couples are full-fledged members of order of magnitude Single adults were looked on as capableness thieves or trouble-makers if they were male, and as prostitutes if they were female. There was a dowry o Tasks divided by gender & age, child labor was normal. custody do work, women cook, bloodless and make bebbies. For Protestants, the house became central rather than the church. o Paternalism increased because take is now the only person between the family and god 9 The Scientific change and reasonableness o Before the scientific revolution ? The view of scholasticism-combination of Christianity and ancient authors, such as Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle. four Elements earth, air, fire, water o Earth is the heaviest section and the earth is the center of the universe oAlchemy could intend chemistry of the time Didnt business concern about astronomy, believed in the works of Ptolemy (the orbit move around the earth) The Copernican revolution 19 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Nicolas Copernicus wrote Concerning The changes Of Celestial Spheres. A heliocentric universe, where the planets move about the sun. The orbits were circular. Tycho Brahe- the nominal head of the sun revolved around the earth but the other planets revolved around the sun. he taught Kepler. fun facts about Brahe, courtesy of Mr.Willard Brahe wooly-minded his nose in a bar fight over a math question, and fixed it with many metal noses that he would replace from daylight to day. Also, he had a pet dwarf who he would bring out at parties. The dwarf would go under the table and do things with his pass on Johannes Kepler- planets go in ellipses. Galileo Galilei- invented the telescope. The moon has mountains, and its ma de of the same material as earth. Jupiter has moons, and stars are far away. He also stated that the acceleration of gravity was constant for all masses.Giordano Bruno argued that there were many worlds in the universe, the papal inquisition executed him. Isaac northward wrote Principia, examined the relations of different forces, invented differential calculus, and ascertained that white light was a alloy of different lights. ? ? ? ? ? o The impact of scientific revolution on philosophy ? Francis Bacon a palatable man argued to examine evidence from nature when making thesis. Rene Descartes- I think therefore I am, wrote Discourse on Method, challenged major classical beliefs.He invented logical proofs (if P then Q), he tried to make logic and philosophy be done with math because it was devoted see Robespierre in relation to math Blaise protactinium the fireman Pascals wager= it is better to bet that god exists than to bet that he does not, since if he does you will go to hea ven, and if he doesnt then you dont lose anything. Thomas Hobbes believed that life was nasty, brutish and short. cherished absolutism (man formed states with a sovereign that has complete power, the subjects would never rebel) because man by nature wanted to destroy each other.John Locke- social contract between the people and the state, where the people have certain inalienable rights no ET allowed of life, liberty, and property. If a government infringes on these rights, man has the right nay, the responsibility to rebel. Another idea was Tabula Rasa- there is no predestination or original sin people were born with a clean slate. ? ? ? ? o The eighteenth-century Enlightenment ? Immanuel Kant- idea that individuals should not believe an idea simply because authority says it, people should use reasoning to solve bothers.Philosophers are thinkers and would often speak at salons. ? 20 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Republic of garner was an internatio nal community of philosophers who communicated en francais M. Giblin. Voltaire was a philosophe. And a deist- believed that god created the universe and the laws of science, those laws are still being followed. ? Ecrasez linfame (crush the grand thing) was anti-religion He wrote Candide- humans cannot watch to find happiness by associating with specific philosophic systems. People should try to find a private comfort. ?Baron de Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws, wrote about separation of powers and checks and balances. Also said that bondage was unnatural and bad. Diderot wrote Encyclopedia, a collaboration of all the knowledge and information that was prominent at the time Rousseau was the most radical philosophe, antagonized Voltaire believed in direct democracy vs. the other philosophes who believed in a ecesisal monarchy. Ideas became prominent after his death, especially in the French Revolution. ? ? o Social Contract- Everyone has a duty to their country, a perf ect society would be controlled by the general will of its populaceThe Spread of Enlightenment Thought ? Cesare Baccaria- Crimes and Punishment, about changing jurisprudence, the surmisal and philosophy of law. He believed everyone should have basic rights. David Hume- Atheism, doubt on religion. Questioned assumptions around cause and effect. EDWARD GIBBON- Wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, which was mean, criticized Christianity, proverb it weakened the vibrancy of the empire and contributed to its precipitation Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations Free market, laissez-faire, hidden hand ? ? o Women and the Enlightenment ? Organized salons, where philosophes hung out Marquise de Pompadour- Louis the XVs mistress, helped Diderot avoid censorship Mary Wollstonecraft- Women should vote, and hold public office. ? ? o European powers In the age of enlightenment ? Enlightened Absolutists- Catherine the large(p) of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia Prussia and Austria ? 21 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus Frederick William (The keen Elector) worked out agreement with the Junkers (Prussian nobility)they could have serfs, and would pay him money for the privilege Son Frederick III became Frederick I of Prussia (because Prussia became a nation? ) Also was Frederick the spacious, an enlightened absolutist o Freed serfs on Royal nations, but not the Junkers serfs, because he liked the Junkers. Abolished capital punishment, decrease amount of corporal punishment on serfs o Austrian Empress Maria Theresa begat Joseph II, who was a fan of religious toleration o Issued Edicts of Toleration, granting Jews, Lutherans, Calvinists freedom of worship Wars of Austrian Succession o o HREmperor Charles VI has no male heir, issues Pragmatic Sanctionsays there can be a female heir Therefore, Maria Theresa is crowned, but France and Prussia begin to seize land (violating the sanction) Frederick I takes advantage of this and s eizes Silesia, the richest part of Austria Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle- Austrian throne will go to Habsburgs finish the war Result of the War Prussia gains power Diplomatic Revolution alliance between Austrians and French, meant to weaken Prussians ?Great Britain consort with Prussia Leads directly into Seven Years War Ultimately won by Prussians and British because Russian Czar slit III didnt want to have so much conflict so he protected the Prussians British allies defeat the French in the French and Indian War in the States o o o o ? ? RussiaThe Fatherland Ivan the Terrible expanded territory under the control of Muscovy what the hell? , Russia entered into a period of time known as THE clock OF TROUBLES 22 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus When I find myself in times of trouble, FATHER STALIN comes to me, ended with the selection of a czar from the Romanov family. This was tool the Great o o o o Forced nobles to shave their beards (as was the style in the west) Taxed nobility by the number of serfs they had open monopolies on commodities like salt (See HIV) Table of Rankseach government position had a graduated ranking, social mobility Established St.Petersburg, a window on the West, built in the newest styles from France if you havent gotten the hint, Peter was a big fan of the West Conscripted serfs into the army, built the first Russian navy, thwarted the Swedes in the great Northern war Catherine the Great codified Russian law and had an affair with Stanislaw Augustus Poniatowski, he somehow became the King of Poland shortly afterwards. o o o ? Poland Lithuanian grand-duke Jagiello married Polish pansy Jadwiga? PolishLithuanian Commonwealth o Defeated the Teutonic Knights at Battle of Grunwald When Poniatowski becomes King, he displayed an independent streak that Catherine the Great did not expect from her former Lover Prussia, Russia, Austria forced Poland to accept a partition o Poland loses 30% of its territory P oland had Europes first written constitution o o Reduces the power of nobles who appealed to Russians for assistance Russia and Prussia partitioned again, which removed the constitution and removed a lot of land ? Tadeusz Kosciuszko leads a Polish revolt forcing Poniatowski to abdicate triad and final partition wiping Poland off the map. Great Britain Tories 23 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Whigs o o Wanted exemption rights of the monarch More enlightened, liked religious tolerance Had a certain leader ? Do you remember his name? It is Edmund off o Argued that parties were essential to parliamentary government and political stability. You should have learned all of the American Revolution stuff in APUSH American Revolution spurred a movement of parliamentary reform in Great Britain oJohn Wilkes, member of the House of Commons and part time pornographer*, arrested for publishing a satirical attack on King George III ? *Perfect example of social mobility. o ? France Wanted greater freedom of press and UMS Jansenists- Catholic sect which believes in predestination o Parlements==Provincial law courts made up of nobles, block Louis XV from supporting a papal decree banning Jansenists ? Louis XV abolishes parlements Louis cardinal brings them back 10- The French Revolution, Napoleon, the European Reaction o Background Wallpaper? of the revolution ?Major problem facing 80s France fros? was financialthey were quite bankrupt, Budget 50% Paying debts and interest 25% military o financial backing American revolution, skirmishes with British 6% Royal Life whig powdering? intentional misspelling. They powdered Edmund Burke he was a whig leader 24 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? 19% infrastructure not that much. no-account peasant. Estates General First Estate- Church and Clergy o Wealthy churchies, but there were also poor churches who felt aligned for the threesome estate Tithe- church tax o Second Estate- Nobles and Aristocracy o o Only 3% of population feudalistic privileges Controlled mills and winemaking, would often charge their own fees for use of the mills effectively making it difficult for peasants to use their ingrain Third Estate- Peasants and Bourgeoisie (the educated upper lay class, lawyers and doctors and thinkers) o Abbe Sieyes- Quest-ce que le troisieme etat? , What is the third estate? Everything. What has it been in the political order up till the present? Nothing. What does it ask? To become something. Were always overruled in EG because 1/3, when govt needed money they always raise taxes ? ? Fourth Estate- Batman He was Robin the Pierre Role of Enlightenment? INSPIRATION. Causes Failed harvests in 1789 makes poor people poor Louis fires see Finance Necker who wanted to subsidize grain and tax nobles, Peasants sad ? Louis called Assembly of Notables (leading aristocrats and churches), asked if they wanted to pay a land tax they obviously said yes. , instead suggested that they would have a greater share in governing ok, sure guys, called for an Estates General o Calling of the Estates General ? ? Hey, Estates General Everybody complains that the third estate gets a third of the vote, so the King does nothing 25 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erryone wanted change, but nobody knew how they wanted it, resulting in thousands of Cahiers de doleances (lists of grievances) Examples of what they wanted equal tax system and regular meetings of the EG, limiting the size of sheep herds ? o King kept everybody waiting Tennis Court Oath ? The third estate was locked out of the meeting, so they went to a tennis court (handball) whatever it was a court.They stubborn keep convening until there was a new constitution Declaration of the Rights of Man- Lafayette influenced this, King did not sign guaranteed Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality (later the French Motto) ? o Leaders THUNDERSTORMING OF THE B ASTILLE AND THE GREAT nemesis subject field Assembly, Legislative Assembly, subject throng, The Directory enrage J. Herbert Jacobins Robespierre, St. Just Couthon, republic of pure fairness idealism, vague Cordeliers J. P. Marat, G. J. Danton, C. Desmoulins Republic. One house, broader suffrage but not for women Girondists Jaques Brissot, M&Mme Roland, Condorcet, A.Sieyes Keep king as a figurehead, prime minister or president. Parliamentary system. Weak executive, strong legislative. Limited suffrage. Reform gradually, use laws. hurrying bourgeoisie Feuillants Lafayette, Mirabeau Royalists Count Of Artios Agenda confusion fundamental monarchy Absolutism Means To death Supporters Violence is nice. Abolish all, kill, then peace. constitutional intellectuals, radical sandculottes Violence may be necessary (guillotine) Leaders? bourgeoisie, intellectuals. pursuit? sansculottes fast reform, system of laws, wider suffrage Leaders? ourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers ? sans-c ulottes Very slow and careful gradualllllllllllllly change, natural laws. Some (newer) nobles, some clergy Violence may be necessary to get back lost power Upper-class (old wealth) nobles, upper clergy 26 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o ? Bastille- prison, a symbol of royal despotism, held dissenters. Peasants went and took the gunpowder. When they killed the governor (of the bastille), they put his head on a pike. This was the descent of VIOLENCE bang bang Louis was really scared. He recognized the Commune of Paris (a new government of the city of Paris). New national guard, under the command of Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolutionary War) The great grape fear fury between the peasants and the nobles. Some aristocrats began to renounce their feudal rights Poissonards Women from the look for market (poisson means fish), had knives for catgutting, they could gut people like a fish like Katie Evans. It was raining, guards of the palace saw them a nd decided to invite them in and give them food.They found the King and Queen COWERING IN FEAR, Marquis de Lafayette made them compromise (they wanted to kill Marie Antoinette), instead they just had the royal family move to the Tuileries, a lesser palace in Paris. turning POINT The center of the revolution was in Paris, Natl Assembly moved to Paris as well. June 1791-King and Queen try to eschape ? ? ? ? ? dressed to kill(p) like bourgeoisie went in a carriage, headed towards the Austrian Netherlands (Varenne) to meet up with the emigres (nobles who had fled during the Great Fear o Count of Artois (Louis XVIs brother) had led the emigres.Were found out by a drunk guy, brought back to Paris and put under rook Arrest ? Declaration of Pillnitz Issued by Leopold of Austria give tongue to they would stifle France, but only if all of Europe came with them ? Olympe de Gouge- Wrote The Rights of Women, argued women should have property, education, and the right to divorce. Civil Co nstitution of the Church- King is forced to pass this Church is a department of the state, bishops are elected, clergy has state-funded salaries and all have to swear an oath of loyalty. Considered by many historians (and Mrs. Lansell) to be the biggest mistake of the revolution.Created a split in religion when Pope Pius VI denounced the Civil Constitution. ? 27 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o obdurate Clergy- more devout Catholics, included King and many peasants. Being part of this gave one a reason to be anti-revolution. Constitutional Clergy- strong revolutionariesthere was no strong reason to be part of this. Assignats- governance bonds backed by repossessed Church landseach bill was redeemable for church land, eventually became the currency of the Republic. ? The National Assembly King has suspensive veto- can delay take on legislation for 4 years.Also control army and foreign policy. Passive Citizens- Men who do not pay taxes. officiou s Citizens- Men who pay taxes. o Electors- lively citizens with high property requirements. France was divided into 83 Departments (instead of the provinces) Paris Commune- Municipality of Paris, controlled by the people. Essentially rattling(a) communism (even though Marx hadnt come up with it yet? ) o Controlled by Enrages Jews and Protestants have full political rights No slavery o Toussaint L Ouverture- ferocious at the continuation of slavery in the colonies, led a slave rebellion in Hispaniola (now Haiti)Brunswick Manifesto- Issued by Duke of Brunswick of Prussia threatened to destroy Paris if the King or his family were harmed. Sans Culottes o Stormed the Tuileries and killed 600 Swiss mercenary guards, because they were bored and had nothing better to do. September Massacres- Raped, killed, pillaged, and burned o Lafayette is somehow No Longer the Commander he flees and captured by Austrians and put in send back until Napoleon comes and Frees Him. Paris Commune fo rces the National Assembly to create a new Legislative Body using UMS this was called the National Convention o European Reactions to the French Revolution 28 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? William Pitt the young dumbest name ever, British PM, hoped that the war would at long last end the rivalry between the 2 nations. EDMUND BURKE- Wrote Reflections on the French Revolution, opposed the French Revolution, predicting it would become more violent Well done, Edmund Buuuuurke ? o THE REIGN OF TERRiER Puppies? (Actually TerrOr) ? Montagniards- Radical Jacobins- named because they chose to sit supra all the others in the National Convention The Plain- Girondists, moderates. Believed in Laissez-Faire, supported a strong legislative government.Committee of reality Safety- Comprised of Danton, Carnot, and Maximilien Robespierre who is incorruptible, right? Vendee- state of France which uprose because the Revolutionary Tribunal (specifically Carnot, head of the military) created a Levee en Masse, or mandatory blueprint on every male 16-25. This elicit the peasants because it took away their strong men right before the harvest. Law of Maxim- Froze wages and prices. Price controls benefited the Sans-Culottes. Law of Suspects- Empowers the Revolutionary Tribunal (Committee of Public Safety) to arrest anyone suspicious or suspected. criminalize women from politics Censored the press ? ? ? ? ? ? Jean-Paul Marat- Journalist, published names of dissenters, stabbed by Charlotte Corday The day after he died was Bastille Day, so he was considered the martyr of the revolution and statues were made in his honor. Jacobins used his death as justification of the terror ? Jacobins tried to create a Republic of Virtue, where they removed all traces of the old regime. Created a new calendar Removed all traces of religious symbols Created the Cult of the positive Being- a religion celebrating virtue, Roman influence.Worship every 10 days (wee ks were 10 days long in the revolutionary calendar) o Supreme Being was pretty much Robespierre. Guillotined political enemies, circa 20,000 people. 29 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o many a(prenominal) were Girondists. ? Desmoulins (a Cordelier) wrote for a newspaper, in which he called for the end of the terror and therefore was arrested by Robespierre Danton supported his theory (was also a Cordelier) and was arrested too No Cordeliers are left, so only the Jacobins are in power.Robespierres popularity wanes o Robespierre says he has a list of all the traitors in the National Assembly and that he will read it the next day Overnight they decide he is a traitor ? He is arrested He tried to shoot himself and fails o They execute him o ? Thermidorean Reaction- People get mad, 100 leading Jacobins are guillotined The White Terror- Any standstill with Jacobins or Robespierre would get you guillotined. o o The Directory Napoleon was arrested, but he managed not to get guillotined. ?The Council of Ancients- People aged 40+ They voted on legislation which the Council of 500 created. They had 3 year terms. The Council of 500- General assembly had to be aged 30+. 2/3 of them had to have been in the National Convention. Royalists were derangement because they had left the National Convention earlier. ruffianly luck, guys 2/3 law answer Royalists are protesting over the 2/3 law, peasants are generally angry over bad harvests and such so royalists let them fight too. ? o NAPOLEON nap